The philosophical and mathematical commentaries of Proclus on the first book of Euclid's elements (Vol. 1 of 2) : $b To which are added, A history of the restoration of Platonic theology, by the latter Platonists: And a translation from the Greek of Proclus's Theological elementsProclus
Philosophy
The philosophical and mathematical commentaries of Proclus on the first book of Euclid's elements (Vol. 1 of 2) : $b To which are added, A history of the restoration of Platonic theology, by the latter Platonists: And a translation from the Greek of Proclus's Theological elements
Proclus
Euclid. Elements; Platonists
But let us now explain the universal order of the discourses contained
in geometry. Because then, we assert that this science consists from
hypothesis[121], and demonstrates its consequent propositions from
definite principles (for one science only, I mean the first philosophy,
is without supposition, but all the rest assume their principles
from this) it is necessary that he who constructs the geometrical
institution of elements, should separately deliver the principles of
the science, and separately the conclusions which flow from those
principles; and that he should render no reason concerning the nature
or truth of the principles, but should confirm by reasons, the things
consequent to these geometric principles. For no science demonstrates
its own principles, nor discourses concerning them; but procures to
itself a belief of their reality, and they become more evident to the
particular science to which they belong than the things derived from
them as their source. And these, indeed, science knows by themselves;
but their consequents, through the medium of these. For thus, also, the
natural philosopher propagates his reasons from a definite principle,
supposing the existence of motion. Thus too, the physician, and he
who is skilled in any of the other sciences and arts. For if any one
mingles principles, and things flowing from principles into one and
the same, he disturbs the whole order of knowledge, and conglutinates
things which can never mutually agree; since a principle, and its
emanating consequent, are naturally distinct from each other. In the
first place, therefore (as I have said), principles in the geometric
institution are to be distinguished from their consequents, which is
performed by Euclid in each of his books; who, before every treatise,
exhibits the common principles of this science; and afterwards divides
these common principles into hypotheses, petitions, and axioms. For all
these mutually differ; nor is an axiom, petition, and hypothesis the
same, according to the demoniacal Aristotle; but when that which is
assumed in the order of a principle, is indeed known to the learner,
and credible by itself, it is an axiom: such as, that things equal
to the same, are mutually equal to each other. But when any one,
hearing another speak concerning that of which he has no self-evident
knowledge, gives this assent to its assumption, this is hypothesis. For
that a circle is a figure of such a particular kind, we presume (not
according to any common conception) without any preceding doctrine. But
when, again, that which is asserted was neither known, nor admitted by
the learner, yet is assumed, then (says he) we call it petition; as
the assumption that all right angles are equal. But the truth of this
is evinced by those who study to treat of some petition, as of that
which cannot by itself be admitted by any one. And thus, according to
the doctrine of Aristotle[122], are axiom, petition, and supposition
distinguished.
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