We dare hardly say that the simple reflex is an unconsciously performed
action, although we are not conscious, in the fullest sense of the
term, of the reflexes that habitually take place in ourselves. But even
in the decapitated frog, which moves its limbs when a drop of acid is
placed on its back, something, it has been said, akin to consciousness
may flash out and light up the automatic activity of the spinal cord.
We must not think of consciousness as that state of acute mentality
which we experience in the performance of some difficult task, or in
some keenly appreciated pleasure, or in some condition of mental or
bodily distress; it is also that dimly felt condition of normality
that accompanies the satisfactory functioning of the parts of the
bodily organism. But this dim and obscure feeling of the awareness of
our actions is easily inhibited whenever what we call intellectual
activity proceeds.
Much of the stimulation of our receptor organs is of this generally
occurring nature, and we are not aware of it although the stimuli
received are such as to induce useful and purposeful bodily activity.
In walking along the street we automatically avoid the people, and the
other obstacles that we encounter, by means of regulated movements of
the body and limbs, but this is activity that has become so habitual
and easy that we are hardly aware of it, and not at all, perhaps,
of the physical stimuli which induce it. But not only do we receive
stimuli which are reflected into bodily actions without our being
keenly aware of this reception, but we also receive stimuli which do
not become reflected into bodily activity. It is, Bergson suggests, as
if we were to look out into the street through a sheet of glass held
perpendicularly to our line of sight; held in this way we see perfectly
all that happens in front of us, but when we incline the glass at a
certain angle it becomes a perfect reflector and throws back again the
rays of light that it receives. This is, of course, a physical analogy,
and no comparison of material things with psychical processes can go
very far, but in a way it is more than an analogy. In our indolent
absorbed state of mind we do not as a rule see the objects which we
are not compelled to avoid, and which do not, in any way, influence
our immediate condition of bodily activity. The optical images of all
these things are thrown upon our retinas and are, in some way, thrown
or projected upon the central ganglia, but there the series of events
comes to an end, for the images are not reflected out towards the
periphery of the body as muscular actions. We cannot doubt that this is
why we do not perceive all the stimulation of our organs of sense that
we are sure that take place. These stimuli pass through us, as it were,
unless they are reflected out again as actions. In this reflection, or
translation of neutral into muscular activity, perceptions arise.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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