Relation between desires and actions; and two problems of Historic and Æsthetic--History and art--The concept of existentiality in history--Its origin in the Philosophy of the practical: action and the existing, desires and the non-existent--History as distinction between actions and desires, and art as indistinction--Pure fancy and imagination--Art as lyrical or representation of feelings--Identity of ingenuous reality and feeling--Artists and the will--Actions and myths--Art as pure representation of becoming, and the artistic form of thought. VII HISTORICAL NOTES 273 I. The problem of freedom--II. The doctrine of evil--III. Will and freedom--Conscience and responsibility--IV. The concept of duty--Repentance and remorse--The doctrine of the passions--Virtues and vices--V. The doctrine of individuality: Schleiermacher--Romantic theories and most modern theories--VI. The concept of development and progress. THIRD SECTION UNITY OF THE THEORETICAL AND THE PRACTICAL Double result: precedence of the theoretical over the practical, and of the practical over the theoretical--Errors of those who maintain the exclusive precedence of the one or the other--Problem of the unity of this duality--Not a duality of opposites--Not a duality of finite and infinite--Perfect analogy of the two forms: theoretic and practical--Not a parallelism, but a circle--The circle of Reality: thought and being, subject and object--Critique of the theories as to the primacy of the theoretical or of the practical reason--New pragmatism: Life conditioning Philosophy--Deductive confirmation of the two forms, and deductive exclusion of the third (feeling). SECOND PART THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY IN ITS SPECIAL FORMS FIRST SECTION THE TWO PRACTICAL FORMS: ECONOMIC AND ETHIC I DISTINCTION OF THE TWO FORMS IN THE PRACTICAL CONSCIOUSNESS 309 The utilitarian or economic form, and the moral or ethical form--Insufficiency of the descriptive and psychological distinction--Deduction and necessity of integrating it with induction--The two forms as a fact of consciousness--The economic form--The ethical form--Impossibility of eliminating them--Confirmations in fact. II CRITIQUE OF THE NEGATIONS OF THE ETHICAL FORM 323 Exclusion of materialistic and intellectualistic criticisms--The two possible negations--The thesis of utilitarianism against the existence of moral acts--Difficulty arising from the presence of these--Attempt to explain them as quantitative distinctions--Criticism of it--Attempt to explain them as facts, either extraneous to the practical or irrational, and stupid--Associationism and evolutionism. Critique--Desperate attempt: theological utilitarianism and mystery. III CRITIQUE OF THE NEGATIONS OF THE ECONOMIC FORM 337