Freedom of action as reality of action--Inconceivability of the absolute absence of action--Non-freedom as antithesis and contrariety--Nothingness and arbitrariness of non-liberty--Good as freedom and reality, and evil as its opposite--Critique of abstract monism and of dualism of values--Objections to the irreality of evil--Evil in synthesis and out of synthesis--Affirmative judgments of evil as negative judgments--Confirmations of the doctrine--The poles of feeling (pleasure and pain); and their identity with the practical opposites--Doctrine relating to pleasure and happiness: critique--Empirical concepts relating to good and evil--To have to be, ideal, inhibitive, imperative power--Evil, remorse, etc.; good, satisfaction, etc.--Their incapacity for serving as practical principles--Their character. III THE VOLITIONAL ACT AND THE PASSIONS 215 The multiplicity of volitions and the struggle for unity--Multiplicity and unity as good and evil--Excluded volitions and passions or desires--Passions and desires as possible volitions--Volition as struggle with the passions--Critique of the freedom of choice--Meaning of the so-called precedence of feeling over the volitional act--Polipathicism and apathicism--Erroneity of both the opposed theses--Historical and contingent meaning of these--The domination of the passions, and the will. IV VOLITIONAL HABITS AND INDIVIDUALITY 229 Passions and states of the soul--Passions understood as volitional habits--Importance and nature of these--Domination of the passions in so far as they are volitional habits--Difficulty and reality of dominating them--Volitional habits and individuality--Negations of individuality for uniformity and criticism of them--Temperament and character--Indifference of temperament--Discovery of one's own being--The idea of "vocation"--Misunderstanding of the right of individuality--Wicked individuality--False doctrines as to the connection between virtues and vices--The universal in the individual, and education. V DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS 246 Multiplicity and unity: development--Becoming as synthesis of being and not-being--Nature as becoming. Its resolution in the Spirit--Optimism and pessimism: critique--Dialectic optimism--Concept of cosmic progress--Objections and critique--Individuals and History--Fate, Fortune, and Providence--The infinity of progress and mystery--Confirmation of the impossibility of a Philosophy of history--Illegitimate transference of the concept of mystery from History to Philosophy. VI TWO EXPLANATIONS RELATING TO HISTORIC AND ÆSTHETIC 262