Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 65720-h.htm or 65720-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65720/65720-h/65720-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65720/65720-h.zip) Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/cu31924028931629 Transcriber’s note: Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). THE PLACE OF ANIMALS IN HUMAN THOUGHT ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: THE EMPEROR AKBAR personally directing the tying up of a wild Elephant. Tempera painting by Abu’l Fazl. (1597-98.) Photographed for this work from the original in the India Museum.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ THE PLACE OF ANIMALS IN HUMAN THOUGHT by THE COUNTESS EVELYN MARTINENGO CESARESCO “On ne connait rien que par bribes.”—M. BERTHELOT New York Charles Scribner’S Sons 153-157 Fifth Avenue 1909 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ “C’est l’éternel secret qui veut être gardé.” (_All rights reserved._) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PREFACE AT the Congress held at Oxford in September, 1908, those who heard Count Goblet d’Alviella’s address on the “Method and Scope of the History of Religions” must have felt the thrill which announces the stirring of new ideas, when, in a memorable passage, the speaker asked “whether the psychology of animals has not equally some relation to the science of religions?” At any rate, these words came to me as a confirmation of the belief that the study which has engaged my attention for several years, is rapidly advancing towards recognition as a branch of the inquiry into what man is himself. The following chapters on the different answers given to this question when extended from man to animals, were intended, from the first, to form a whole, not complete, indeed, but perhaps fairly comprehensive. I offer them now to the public with my warmest acknowledgments to the scholars whose published works and, in some cases, private hints have made my task possible. I also wish to thank the Editor of the _Contemporary Review_ for his kindness in allowing me to reprint the part of this book which appeared first in that periodical. Some chapters refer rather to practice than to psychology, and others to myths and fancies rather than to conscious speculation, but all these subjects are so closely connected that it would be difficult to divide their treatment by a hard-and-fast line.