The Place of Science in Modern Civilisation, and Other EssaysVeblen, Thorstein
Philosophy
The Place of Science in Modern Civilisation, and Other Essays
Veblen, Thorstein
Economics; Science
On this view there is a degree of interdependence between the cultural
situation and the state of theoretical inquiry. To illustrate this
interdependence, or the concomitance between the cultural scheme and the
character of theoretical speculation, it may be in place to call to mind
certain concomitant variations of a general character which occur in the
lower cultures between the scheme of life and the scheme of knowledge.
In this tentative and fragmentary presentation of evidence there is
nothing novel to be brought forward; still less is there anything to be
offered which carries the weight of authority.
On the lower levels of culture, even more decidedly than on the higher,
the speculative systematisation of knowledge is prone to take the form
of theology (mythology) and cosmology. This theological and cosmological
lore serves the savage and barbaric peoples as a theoretical account of
the scheme of things, and its characteristic traits vary in response to
the variations of the institutional scheme under which the community
lives. In a prevailingly peaceable agricultural community, such, _e.g._,
as the more peaceable Pueblo Indians or the more settled Indians of the
Middle West, there is little coercive authority, few and slight class
distinctions involving superiority and inferiority; property rights are
few, slight and unstable; relationship is likely to be counted in the
female line. In such a culture the cosmological lore is likely to offer
explanations of the scheme of things in terms of generation or
germination and growth. Creation by fiat is not obtrusively or
characteristically present. The laws of nature bear the character of an
habitual behavior of things, rather than that of an authoritative code
of ordinances imposed by an overruling providence. The theology is
likely to be polytheistic in an extreme degree and in an extremely loose
sense of the term, embodying relatively little of the suzerainty of God.
The relation of the deities to mankind is likely to be that of
consanguinity, and as if to emphasise the peaceable, non-coercive
character of the divine order of things, the deities are, in the main,
very apt to be females. The matters of interest dealt with in the
cosmological theories are chiefly matters of the livelihood of the
people, the growth and care of the crops, and the promotion of
industrial ways and means.
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