46 William Frederick Mayers, _The Chinese Government, A Manual of Chinese Titles ..._, Shanghai, 1897, devotes one hundred and ninety-five pages to the enumeration of the Ch’ing titles. His work, intended to be used as an office manual for foreigners having relations with Chinese officials, remains extremely useful as a presentation of the administrative outline of the Chinese government in its last days before the appearance of Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang. Pao Chao Hsieh, _The Government of China (1644-1911)_, Baltimore, 1925, is a more descriptive work dealing with the whole administration of the Ch’ing dynasty. No work has as yet appeared in the West, to the knowledge of the present author, which describes the historical development of government in China in any detail. 47 The figures given are those of the present day, which may be more or less exact for the past century. For earlier times, the number will have to be reduced in proportion with the remoteness in time. See Richard Henry Tawney, _Land and Labour in China_, London, 1932. 48 Richard Wilhelm, _Confucius and Confucianism_, cited, pp. 130-132. The connection between the naming of names and the operation of the popular check of revolution is made evident by Wilhelm in a brilliant passage. If a righteous ruler died a violent death at the hands of one of his subjects, he was murdered; were he unrighteous, he was only killed. Confucius himself used such terms in his annals. His use of varying terms, terms carrying condemnation or condonement, even of such a subject as regicide, electrified the scholars of his day. 49 An exception must be made in the case of the first Russian colony in Peking, which was lost in two centuries and became virtually indistinguishable from the mass of the population. The Portuguese, at Macao, displayed that tendency to compromise and miscegenate which marked their whole progress along the coasts of Asia, but they maintained their political supremacy in that city; today the Macanese are largely of Chinese blood, but Portuguese-speaking, and proud of their separateness. 50 Too many works have been written on the relations of the Chinese and Westerners to permit any citations, with one exception. Putnam Weale’s _The Vanished Empire_, New York, 1925, is an extraordinarily vivid history of the collision of the civilizations. It is not particularly commendable as a factual record, but as a brilliant and moving piece of literature presenting the Chinese viewpoint, it is unexcelled. 51 See Adolf Reichwein, _China and Europe: Intellectual and Artistic Contacts in the Eighteenth Century_, New York, 1925, which makes apparent the full extent to which modern Europe is indebted to China for the luxuries of its culture.