275 A discussion of the four powers and the five rights is to be found in Li Chao-wei, _La Souveraineté Nationale d’après la Doctrine Politique de Sun-Yet-Sin_, Dijon, 1934. This work, a doctoral thesis submitted to the University of Dijon, treats the Western theory of democracy and Sun’s theory comparatively. It is excellent in portraying the legal outline of the Chinese governmental structure, and points out many significant analogies between the two theories. 276 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 391. 277 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 395. 278 The unfavorable view of the Five Powers is taken by Dr. Jermyn Chi-hung Lynn in his excellent little book, _Political Parties in China_, Peiping, 1930. Since Dr. Lynn speaks kindly and hopefully of the plans of Wu Pei-fu, one of the war-lords hostile to Sun Yat-sen and the whole Nationalist movement, his criticism of Sun Yat-sen need not be taken as completely impartial. It represents a point that has been made time and time again by persons antagonistic to the _San Min Chu I_. “The Wu Chuan Hsien Fa is also no discovery of Dr. Sun’s. As is known, the three power constitution, consisting of the legislative, judiciary [sic!] and executive functions, was originally developed, more or less unconsciously, by the English, whose constitution was critically examined by Montesquieu, and its working elaborately described by him for the benefit of his fellow-countrymen. And the unwritten constitution of Old China contained the civil service examination and an independent Board of Censors. Now the much-advertised Wu Chuan Hsien Fa or Five-Power constitution only added the systems of state examination and public censure to the traditional form of constitution first advocated by the French jurist.” P. 66, work cited. 279 Hsü translation, cited, p. 104. 280 For an intensively vivid description of this government, which Sun Yat-sen’s planned democracy was to relegate to limbo, see B. L. Putnam Weale, _The Vanished Empire_, London, 1926. Putnam Weale was the pseudonym of Bertram Lennox Simpson, an Englishman born and reared in China, who understood and participated in Chinese life and policies as have few since the days of Marco Polo; he was an advisor to the insurrectionary Peking “Nationalist” Government of 1931 when he was shot to death in his home at Tientsin. Few other Westerners have left such a wealth of accurate and sympathetic material about modern China. 281 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 399. 282 Harold Monk Vinacke, _Modern Constitutional Development in China_, Princeton, 1920, p. 100.