top were forced by considerations of domestic and imperial policy to do otherwise. On the whole, the defects of the bureaucratic administration were more the defects of the system than of the individuals composing it. The Indian Civil Servant, like the old Brahmin, is autocratic and dictatorial. He dislikes any display of independence by the people put under his charge. He discourages initiative. He likes to be called and considered the _Mai bap_ (mother and father) of his subjects. On those who literally consider him such he showers his favors. The others he denounces and represses. This has, in the course of time, led to national emasculation. That is our chief complaint against the Indian Civil Service. Of the other services we would rather not speak. They have by no means been so pure and high-minded as the I. C. S., nor perhaps so autocratic and dictatorial. The number of men who misused their powers and opportunities to their own advantage has been much larger in services other than the I. C. S. Yet they all have done a certain amount of good work for India; whether one looks at the engineering works designed and executed by them, or the researches they have made in the science of healing and preventing disease, or the risks they have run in preserving order or maintaining peace one cannot but admire their efficiency and ability. The grievances of the Indian Nationalists against the Public Services in India may be thus summarized: (_a_) That the services monopolize too much power and are practically uncontrolled by and irresponsible to the people of the country. (_b_) That the higher branches of the services contain too many foreigners. (_c_) That these are recruited in England, and from some of them the Indians are altogether barred. (_d_) That even when doing the same work Indians are not paid on the same scale as the Europeans. (_e_) That the Government has often kept on men of proved inefficiency and of inferior qualities. (_f_) That, considering the economic conditions of India, the higher servants of the Government are paid on a scale unparalleled in the history of public administration in the world. (_g_) That the interests of the services often supersede those of the country and the Government. (_h_) And last, but not least, that by the gathering of all powers of initiative and execution in their hands they have emasculated India.