East of Rocky Mountains, Nova Scotia to Georgia, westward intermittently to Nebraska and Kansas, best in Massachusetts. Features of Tree. Ninety to one hundred feet in height. Three to six feet and over in diameter, brownish-gray bark smooth on branches. Leaves have sharp-pointed lobes, very large acorns in flat shallow cups. A fine complete tree. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown or red, sapwood darker, coarse-grained, well-marked annual rings, medullary rays few but broad. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, inclined to check in drying, acid, inferior to white oak. Representative Uses of Wood. Works of secondary importance, clapboards, cooperage, fuel. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 45 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[19] 40. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,970,000 (average of 57 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[19] 1,600,000. Modulus of Rupture. 11,400 (average of 57 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[19] 140,000. Remarks. Grows more rapidly than other oaks. Bark used in tanning. [p020] FOOTNOTE [Footnote 19: See page 6.] PIN OAK. _Quercus palustris Muenchh._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Pin Oak (local and common name). Swamp Spanish Oak (Ark., Kan.). Water Oak (R. I., Ill.). Swamp Oak (Pa., Ohio, Kans.). Water Spanish Oak (Ark.). Locality. Minnesota to Kansas, eastward intermittently to Massachusetts and Virginia. Features of Tree. Fifty to eighty feet in height, two to four feet in diameter. Full-rounded or pyramidal top, smooth thin bark, numerous small pin-like branches. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood variegated light brown, sapwood nearly white, coarse-grained, medullary rays numerous and conspicuous. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, checks badly in seasoning. Representative Uses of Wood. Shingles, clapboards, construction, interior finish, cooperage. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 43. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,500,000. Modulus of Rupture. 15,400. Remarks. Palustris, the Latin for swampy, refers to favorite location of tree. The numerous slender secondary branches suggesting pins cause tree to be easily recognized, particularly in winter. [p021] SPANISH OAK. _Quercus digitata Sudworth_, _Quercus falcata Michx._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Spanish Oak (local and common name). Red Oak (N. C., Va., Ga., Fla., Ala., Miss., La., Ind.). Spanish Oak (La.). Locality. New Jersey and Florida, westward intermittently to Illinois and Texas. Features of Tree. Thirty to seventy feet in height, two and one half to four feet in diameter. Variable foliage. Globular to oblong acorns. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light red, sapwood lighter, coarse-grained, annual layers strongly marked, medullary rays few but conspicuous. Structural Qualities of Wood. Hard, heavy, strong, not durable, checks badly in drying.