Representative Uses of Wood. Somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc. Bark very rich in tannin. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 43. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,900,000. Modulus of Rupture. 16,900. Remarks. Dry barren soils. Grows rapidly. [p022] BLACK OAK, YELLOW OAK. _Quercus velutina Lam._ _Quercus tinctoria Barti._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Black Oak, Yellow Oak (local and common names). Yellow Bark, Yellow-bark Oak (R. I., Minn.). Dyer's Oak (Tex.). Tanbark Oak (Ill.). Spotted Oak (Mo.). Quercitron Oak (Del., S. C., La., Kans., Minn.). Locality. East of longitude 96 degrees, Maine and Florida, westward intermittently to Minnesota and Texas. Best in North Atlantic States. Features of Tree. Ninety to one hundred and thirty feet in height, three to five feet in diameter. Dark gray to black bark, yellow inner bark. Acorns have bitter yellow kernels. Foliage turns handsomely in autumn. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light reddish brown, sapwood lighter, coarse grain, annual layers strongly marked, thin medullary rays. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, liable to check in drying, not tough. Representative Uses of Wood. Cooperage, construction, furniture, and decoration. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 45 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[20] 44. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,740,000 (average of 40 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[20] 1,470,000. Modulus of Rupture. 10,800 (average of 40 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[20] 14,800. Remarks. Yellow inner bark affords yellow dye. [p023] FOOTNOTE [Footnote 20: See page 6.] LIVE OAK. _Quercus virginiana Mill._ _Quercus virens Ait._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Live Oak (Va., N. C., S. C., Ga., Fla., Miss., Ala., Tex., La., Calif.). Chêne Vert (La.). Locality. Southern States--coast from Virginia to Florida, westward to Texas and Lower California, southern Mexico, Central America, and Cuba. Best in south Atlantic States. Features of Tree. Fifty to sixty feet high, diameter three to six feet. General resemblance to apple-tree. Evergreen foliage. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown or yellow, sapwood nearly white, close-grained, compact structure, pronounced medullary ray, annual layers often hardly distinguishable. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, strong, tough, hard, difficult to work, splits easily. Receives high polish, very durable. Representative Uses of Wood. Ship-building. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 59. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,600,000. Modulus of Rupture. 14,000. Remarks. Trunk and branches furnish small straight pieces, but principally knees, crooked or compass timbers. Virens refers to evergreen foliage. Splits so easily that it is better fastened with bolts or trenails than spikes. Now scarce, grows rapidly. [p024]