CALIFORNIA LIVE OAK. _Quercus agrifolia Nee._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Coast Live Oak (Cal.). California Live Oak (Cal.). Encena (Cal.). Evergreen Oak (Cal.). Locality. California. Features of Tree. Forty to seventy-five and occasionally more feet in height, three to six feet in diameter. Evergreen foliage, leaves spiked like those of holly. Shape resembles that of apple tree. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood creamy white, but darkens on exposure. Compact structure, annual layers hardly distinguishable. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, hard, but brittle. Representative Uses of Wood. Fuel. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 51. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,350,000. Modulus of Rupture. 13,200. Remarks. Agrifolia is from the Latin _acer_, sharp, and _folium_, leaf, alluding to the spinous toothed leaves. [p025] LIVE OAK. _Quercus chrysolepis Liebm._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Live Oak (Cal., Oreg.). Canyon Live Oak, Black Live Oak, Golden-cup Oak (Cal.). Canyon Oak, Iron Oak, Maul Oak, Valparaiso Oak (Cal.). Locality. West of Rocky Mountains, canyons, and high elevations. Features of Tree. Fifty to eighty feet in height, three to six feet in diameter. Often low shrub. Impressive appearance. Evergreen foliage. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown, sapwood lighter, small pores in wide bands parallel to conspicuous medullary rays. Close-grained. Structural Qualities of Wood. Hard, heavy, strong, tough, difficult to work. Representative Uses of Wood. Implements, wagons, tool-handles. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 52. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,700,000. Modulus of Rupture. 18,000. Remarks. Said to be the most valuable of the California oaks. Grows at elevations of 2000 to 5000 feet. Highland Oak (_Quercus wislizeni_) is an evergreen and a Pacific Coast variety. [p026] ENGLISH OAK. _Quercus robur var. pedunculata._ Nomenclature. English Oak. British Oak. Common Oak. Locality. Widespread throughout northern and central Europe. Features of Tree. Seventy to one hundred feet in height, eight to ten feet in diameter. Crooked branches, stalkless leaves, long-stalked acorns. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown, darker spots frequent, sapwood lighter. Compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Hard, tough, strong, durable, difficult to work, liable to warp in seasoning. Representative Uses of Wood. Ship-building, beams, cabinet-work, formerly carpentry. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 51 (Laslett). Modulus of Elasticity. 1,170,000 (Thurston). Modulus of Rupture. 10,000 (Thurston). Remarks.