CHAPTER XLV. THE ABDOMEN AND ABDOMINAL VISCERA 767 CHAPTER XLVI. THE PERITONEUM AND ITS DISEASES 785 CHAPTER XLVII. INJURIES AND SURGICAL DISEASES OF THE STOMACH 793 CHAPTER XLVIII. THE SMALL INTESTINES 822 CHAPTER XLIX. THE APPENDIX AND ITS DISEASES 851 CHAPTER L. THE LARGE INTESTINES AND THE RECTUM 869 CHAPTER LI. HERNIA 890 CHAPTER LII. THE LIVER 910 CHAPTER LIII. THE OMENTUM, THE MESENTERY, THE SPLEEN AND THE PANCREAS 934 CHAPTER LIV. THE KIDNEYS 955 CHAPTER LV. THE BLADDER AND PROSTATE 977 CHAPTER LVI. THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS 1004 CHAPTER LVII. AMPUTATIONS 1023 GENERAL SURGERY. INTRODUCTION. An ultimate analysis of the primary causes of disease, excluding traumatisms, will permit their reduction to one or the other of the following categories: _nutritional_ (functional) and _parasitic_. These may co-exist, in which case each tends to modify the other more or less, usually unpleasantly, or either may precede and perhaps pave the way for the other. In general, it may be said that parasitism perverts nutrition, locally or generally, and, _per contra_, that perverted nutrition often prepares the way for parasitic infection, so that even between these primary causes there may occur all possible combinations.