The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
Thus far, however, the individuality of the secondary aggregate is
feebly pronounced: not simply in the sense that it is small; but also
in the sense that the individualities of the primary aggregates are
very little subordinated. But on seeking further, we find transitions
towards forms in which the compound individuality is more dominant,
while the simple individualities are more obscured. Obscuration of one
kind accompanies mere increase of size in the secondary aggregate.
In proportion to the greater number of the morphological units held
together in one mass, becomes their relative insignificance as
individuals. We see this in the irregularly-spreading lichens that
form patches on rocks; and in such creeping fungi as grow in films or
laminæ on decaying wood and the bark of trees. In these cases, however,
the integration of the component cells is of an almost mechanical
kind. The aggregate of them is scarcely more individuated than a lump
of inorganic matter: as witness the way in which the lichen extends
its curved edges in this or that direction, as the surface favours;
or the way in which the fungus grows round and imbeds the shoots and
leaves that lie in its way, just as so much plastic clay might do.
Though here, in the augmentation of mass, we see a progress towards the
evolution of a higher type, we have as yet none of that definiteness
required to constitute a compound unit, or true aggregate of the
second order. Another kind of obscuration of the morphological units,
is brought about by their more complete coalescence into the form of
some structure made by their union. This is well exemplified among
the _Confervoideæ_ and _Conjugatæ_. In Fig. 18, there are represented
the stages of a growing _Mougeotia genuflexa_, in which this merging
of the simple individualities into the compound individuality, is
shown in the history of a single plant; and in Figs. 19, 20, 21, 22,
23, are represented a series of species from this group, and that of
_Cladophora_,[4] in which we see a progressing integration. While,
in the lower types, the primitive spheroidal forms of the cells
are scarcely altered, in the higher types the cells are so fused
together as to constitute cylinders divided by septa. Here, however,
the indefiniteness is still great. There are no specific limits to
the length of any thread thus produced, and there is none of that
differentiation of parts required to give a decided individuality to
the whole.
To constitute something like a true aggregate of the second order,
capable of serving as a compound unit that may be combined with others
like itself into still higher aggregates, there must exist both mass
and definiteness.
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