[82] _Op. cit._ p. 387. See pp. 378 to 388 for a discussion of the whole question. Compare also Wundt's Physiol. Psych., 3d ed., i, 225 ff., and Luciani u. Seppili, pp. 243, 293. [83] The Chapters on Habit, Association, Memory, and Perception will change our present preliminary conjecture that that is one of its essential uses, into an unshakable conviction. [84] Pflüger's Archiv, vol. 41, p. 75 (1887). [85] _Ibid._ vol. 44, p. 175 (1889). [86] Untersuchungen über die Physiologie des Froschhirns. 1885. [87] _Loc. cit._ pp. 80, 82-3. Schrader also found a _biting-reflex_ developed when the medulla oblongata is cut through just behind the cerebellum. [88] Berlin Akad. Sitzungsberichte for 1886. [89] Comptes Rendus, vol. 102, p. 90. [90] Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. d. Sciences, vol. 102, p. 1530. [91] _Loc. cit._ p. 210. [92] Goltz: Pflüger's Archiv, vol. 42, p. 447; Schrader: _ibid._ vol. 44, p. 219 ff. It is possible that this symptom may be an effect of traumatic inhibition, however. [93] A few years ago one of the strongest arguments for the theory that the hemispheres are purely supernumerary was Soltmann's often-quoted observation that in new-born puppies the motor zone of the cortex is not excitable by electricity and only becomes so in the course of a fortnight, presumably after the experiences of the lower centres have educated it to motor duties. Paneth's later observations, however, seem to show that Soltmann may have been misled through overnarcotizing his victims (Pflüger's Archiv, vol. 37, p. 202). In the Neurologisches Centralblatt for 1889, p. 513, Bechterew returns to the subject on Soltmann's side without, however, noticing Paneth's work. [94] Münsterberg (Die Willenshandlung, 1888, p. 134) challenges Meynert's scheme _in toto_, saying that whilst we have in our personal experience plenty of examples of acts which were at first voluntary becoming secondarily automatic and reflex, we have no conscious record of a single originally reflex act growing voluntary.--As far as conscious record is concerned, we could not possibly have it even if the Meynert scheme were wholly true, for the education of the hemispheres which that scheme postulates must in the nature of things antedate recollection. But it seems to me that Münsterberg's rejection of the scheme may possibly be correct as regards reflexes from the _lower centres_. Everywhere in this department of psychogenesis we are made to feel how ignorant we really are. [95] Pflüger's Archiv, vol. 44, p. 230-1.