The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
The only point that offers any theoretic difficulty is the prolongation
into space of the direction, after the start. We saw, ten pages back,
that for extradition to occur beyond the skin, the portion of skin
in question _and_ the space beyond must form a common object for
some other sensory surface. The eyes are for most of us this sensory
surface; for the blind it can only be other parts of the skin, coupled
or not with motion. But the mere gropings of the hands in every
direction must end by surrounding the whole body with a sphere of
felt space. And this sphere must become enlarged with every movement
of locomotion, these movements gaining their space-values from the
semi-circular-canal feelings which accompany them, and from the
farther and farther parts of large fixed objects (such as the bed, the
wainscoting, or a fence) which they bring within the grasp. It might
be supposed that a knowledge of space acquired by so many successive
discrete acts would always retain a somewhat jointed and so to speak,
granulated character. When we who are gifted with sight think of a
space too large to come into a single field of view, we are apt to
imagine it as composite, and filled with more or less jerky stoppings
and startings (think, for instance, of the space from here to San
Francisco), or else we reduce the scale symbolically and imagine how
much larger on a map the distance would look than others with whose
totality we are familiar.
I am disposed to believe, after interrogating many blind persons, that
the use of imaginary maps on a reduced scale is less frequent with them
than with the rest of us. Possibly the extraordinary changeableness
of the visual magnitudes of things makes this habit natural to us,
while the fixity of tactile magnitudes keeps them from falling into
it. (When the blind young man operated on by Dr. Franz was shown a
portrait in a locket, he was vastly surprised that the face could be
put into so small a compass: it would have seemed to him, he said,
as impossible as to put a bushel into a pint.) Be this as it may,
however, the space which each blind man feels to extend beyond his body
is felt by him as one smooth continuum--all trace of those muscular
startings and stoppings and reversals which presided over its formation
having been eliminated from the memory. It seems, in other words, a
generic image of the space-element common to all these experiences,
with the unessential particularities of each left out. In truth,
_where_ in this space a start or a stop may have occurred was quite
accidental. It may never occur just there again, and so the attention
lets it drops altogether. Even as long a space as that traversed in a
several-mile walk will not necessarily appear to a blind man's thought
in the guise of a series of locomotor acts. Only where there is some
distinct locomotor difficulty, such as a step to ascend, a difficult
crossing, or a disappearance of the path, will distinct locomotor
images constitute the idea.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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