The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
Elsewhere the space seems continuous, and
its parts may even all seem coexistent; though, as a very intelligent
blind friend once remarked to me, 'To think of such distances involves
probably more mental wear and tear and brain-waste in the blind than
in the seeing.' This seems to point to a greater element of successive
addition and construction in the blind man's idea.
Our own visual explorations go on by means of innumerable stoppings
and startings of the eyeballs. Yet these are all effaced from the
final space-sphere of our visual imagination. They have neutralized
each other. We can even distribute our attention to the right and left
sides simultaneously, and think of those two quarters of space as
coexistent. Does the smoothing out of the locomotor interruptions from
the blind man's tactile space-sphere offer any greater paradox? Surely
not. And it is curious to note that both in him and in us there is one
particular locomotor feeling that is apt to assert itself obstinately
to the last. We and he alike spontaneously imagine space as lying _in
front_ of us, for reasons too obvious to enumerate. If we think of the
space behind us, we, as a rule, have to _turn round_ mentally, and
in doing so the front space vanishes. But in this, as in the other
things of which we have been talking, individuals differ widely.
Some, in imagining a room, can think of all its six surfaces at once.
Others mentally turn round, or, at least, imagine the room in several
successive and mutually exclusive acts (cf. p. 54, above).
* * * * *
Sir William Hamilton, and J. S. Mill after him, have quoted approvingly
an opinion of Platner (an eighteenth-century philosopher) regarding the
space-perceptions of the blind. Platner says:
"The attentive observation of a person born blind... has convinced
me that the sense of touch by itself is altogether incompetent to
afford us the representation of extension and space.... In fact, to
those born blind, time serves instead of space. Vicinity and distance
mean in their mouths nothing more than the shorter or longer time ...
necessary to attain from some one feeling to some other."
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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