The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
Each thinker, however, has dominant habits of attention; and these
_practically elect from among the various worlds some one to be for him
the world of ultimate realities_. From this world's objects he does not
appeal. Whatever positively contradicts them must get into another
world or die. The horse, e.g., may have wings to its heart's content,
so long as it does not pretend to be the real world's horse--_that_
horse is absolutely wingless. For most men, as we shall immediately
see, the 'things of sense' hold this prerogative position, and are the
absolutely real world's nucleus. Other things, to be sure, may be real
for this man or for that--things of science, abstract moral relations,
things of the Christian theology, or what not. But even for the special
man, these things are usually real with a less real reality than that
of the things of sense. They are taken less seriously; and the very
utmost that can be said for anyone's belief in them is that it is as
strong as his 'belief in his own senses.'[297]
In all this the everlasting partiality of our nature shows itself, our
inveterate propensity to choice. For, in the strict and ultimate sense
of the word existence, everything which can be thought of at all exists
as _some_ sort of object, whether mythical object, individual thinker's
object, or object in outer space and for intelligence at large. Errors,
fictions, tribal beliefs, are parts of the whole great Universe which
God has made, and He must have meant all these things to be in it,
each in its respective place. But for us finite creatures, "'tis to
consider too curiously to consider so." The mere fact of appearing
as an object at all is not enough to constitute reality. That may be
metaphysical reality, reality for God; but what we need is practical
reality, reality for ourselves; and, to have that, an object must not
only appear, but it must appear both _interesting_ and _important_. The
worlds whose objects are neither interesting nor important we treat
simply negatively, we brand them as _un_real.
_In the relative sense,_ then, the sense in which we contrast reality
with simple _un_reality, and in which one thing is said to have _more_
reality than another, and to be more believed, _reality means simply
relation to our emotional and active life._ This is the only sense
which the word ever has in the mouths of practical men. _In this sense,
whatever excites and stimulates our interest is real;_ whenever an
object so appeals to us that we turn to it, accept it, fill our mind
with it, or practically take account of it, so far it is real for us,
and we believe it. Whenever, on the contrary, we ignore it, fail to
consider it or act upon it, despise it, reject it, forget it, so far it
is unreal for us and disbelieved. Hume's account of the matter was then
essentially correct, when he said that belief in anything was simply
the having the idea of it in a lively and active manner:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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