The principles of science : $b a treatise on logic and scientific methodJevons, William Stanley
Philosophy
The principles of science : $b a treatise on logic and scientific method
Jevons, William Stanley
Logic; Science -- Methodology
Happily the Universe in which we dwell is not the result of chance,
and where chance seems to work it is our own deficient faculties which
prevent us from recognising the operation of Law and of Design. In
the material framework of this world, substances and forces present
themselves in definite and stable combinations. Things are not in
perpetual flux, as ancient philosophers held. Element remains element;
iron changes not into gold. With suitable precautions we can calculate
upon finding the same thing again endowed with the same properties.
The constituents of the globe, indeed, appear in almost endless
combinations; but each combination bears its fixed character, and
when resolved is found to be the compound of definite substances.
Misapprehensions must continually occur, owing to the limited extent
of our experience. We can never have examined and registered possible
existences so thoroughly as to be sure that no new ones will occur and
frustrate our calculations. The same outward appearances may cover
any amount of hidden differences which we have not yet suspected. To
the variety of substances and powers diffused through nature at its
creation, we should not suppose that our brief experience can assign
a limit, and the necessary imperfection of our knowledge must be ever
borne in mind.
Yet there is much to give us confidence in Science. The wider our
experience, the more minute our examination of the globe, the
greater the accumulation of well-reasoned knowledge,--the fewer in
all probability will be the failures of inference compared with the
successes. Exceptions to the prevalence of Law are gradually reduced
to Law themselves. Certain deep similarities have been detected among
the objects around us, and have never yet been found wanting. As the
means of examining distant parts of the universe have been acquired,
those similarities have been traced there as here. Other worlds and
stellar systems may be almost incomprehensively different from ours in
magnitude, condition and disposition of parts, and yet we detect there
the same elements of which our own limbs are composed. The same natural
laws can be detected in operation in every part of the universe within
the scope of our instruments; and doubtless these laws are obeyed
irrespective of distance, time, and circumstance.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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