This happens only too frequently. Such a physical disturbance may aim at the “It,” intensifying its urges to an extent where the “I” is not able to cope with them any more. As an example for such developments, the changes induced in woman by the disturbances of menstruation and menopause could perhaps be drawn upon. Other reasons that may weaken the “I” are general physical disturbances, organic diseases of the central nervous system. All of these may result in interference with those sources from which the soul apparatus draws its strength, to lead, in turn, to an encroachment of its more delicate functions, which are necessary to maintain unimpaired the whole “I” organization. In all these cases, neurosis presents about the same picture. However, while manifesting the same psychological mechanism, neuroses develop on the basis of a multifarious, frequently highly complicated etiology; that is, they arise from a great number of various causes. “That suits me better. At last you have spoken like a physician. And now I am waiting for you to admit that so complicated a condition as a neurosis should only be treated by a physician.” I am afraid you are expecting too much. What we have just discussed belonged in the realm of pathology. Psychoanalysis, however, is a therapeutical process. I admit, no, I even insist, that a physician should first diagnose each and every case where psychoanalysis seems applicable. Fortunately, the greater number of neuroses are of a psychical nature and not pathologically induced. As soon as the physician has ascertained this, he may safely leave the treatment to the lay-analyst. We have always followed this procedure within our analytical societies. Thanks to this close coöperation between the medically trained and non-trained members, errors almost never occur. There is another emergency when the analyst has to invite the assistance of a physician. It is possible that, in the course of psychoanalytical treatment, symptoms—mostly of physical nature—appear which may either be part of the neurosis, or else manifestations of independent, organic disturbances. Here, the decision must once more be left to the physician. “From all this, there follows that the analysts, even during the analysis, cannot dispense with the physician. This is another argument against lay-analyses.” No, this possibility cannot be drawn upon as an argument against lay-analyses, because in an analogous case the medically trained analyst would not proceed any differently. “I do not understand that.” There is a rule that even a medically trained analyst, running across such dubious symptoms in the course of the treatment, is not to depend on his own judgment, but to consult some colleague, preferably a specialist of internal diseases. “Why this rule, apparently so superfluous?”