This rule is not superfluous at all. There are several reasons for it. In the first place, it is hard to combine organic and psychical treatment. In the second place, the particular condition of transference frequently prevailing in analyses may make it inadvisable for the analyst to subject his patient to physical examination. In the third place, there are all the reasons in the world for the analyst to doubt his own opinion, inasmuch as he is so intensely interested in the psychical aspects of the case. “I now understand your position towards lay-analyses. You insist that there must be lay-analysts. However, as you have to admit their insufficiency for the task, you compile everything that could serve to excuse them, and make things in general easier for them. To be frank with you, I cannot understand why we should have lay-analysts at all, inasmuch as they would never be more than second-class therapeutists. This need not include those few laymen who have already received their training, but institutes for psychological training should not accept laymen any more.” I would assent to all this, if I could be shown that such restrictions would benefit all parties interested. You will admit that these interests are tri-fold:—There is the interest of the patient, the interest of the physicians, and last but not least, the interest of science which, in turn, includes the interest of all patients of the future. Let us investigate these three points. It does not matter whether the patient be analysed by a physician or a layman, as long as any danger of mistaking his condition is excluded by being properly examined by a physician before the beginning of the treatment, or re-examined as soon as developments, in the course of the analysis, make this advisable. It is much more important for the patient that the analyst possesses those personal qualities which invite full confidence, and that he has that knowledge and experience which alone qualify him to apply psychoanalysis. To some people, it may seem that it might undermine the authority of the analyst to have his patient know that he is no physician and must obtain the advice of a medically trained expert in certain matters. However, although we have never kept a patient in the dark, as to the qualifications of an analyst, we have come to the conclusion that the patients have no prejudice against a non-medically trained analyst; they are only too glad to accept the benefits of treatment, wherever they offer themselves—a fact resented by the medical profession for the longest time. It also must be considered that analysts, practising today, are men and women with academic training and degrees, pedagogues, of great experience and impressive personality. The analysis, to which all candidates of psychoanalytical institutes are required to submit, is the best means of testing their personal suitability for the performance of so exerting an activity as an analysis presents.