children, while the children are in their turn often not backward in their manifestations of love and respect. Parents in civilised communities, on the other hand, have often shown themselves (under a veneer of kindness or consideration) singularly brutal and selfish in the treatment of their children; the latter not infrequently manifesting a corresponding lack of genuine affection for their parents. Under these circumstances it would seem that we are perhaps justified in attributing the undoubted increase in the repression of the hate attitude to the more efficient operation of the "moral" factors, rather than to any growth of tenderness between parent and child which might have served more effectually to counter-act the hostile tendencies. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 216: Though we ought possibly to make an exception here in the case of that fear which seems to arise as the result of a transformation of sexual impulses. On the other hand, it is possible that this too may be brought under the more general formula, if we recognise that the fear is in this case directed not to some outer object but to some threatening element within the mind. For a discussion of this matter see Freud, "Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse," 466 ff. For a most important discussion of the fundamental nature and conditions of love and hate and of the different causes from which they originate, see Freud, "Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre," IV, 270 ff.] [Footnote 217: W. Wundt, "Elements of Folk Psychology," trans. by E. L. Schaub, 1916, 116 ff.] [Footnote 218: It is of course true that with a system of group marriage the opportunities for sexual relations among young people may sometimes be no greater than under monogamy, since all the available women may be regarded as belonging exclusively to a certain class of men--usually those who have attained a certain age. The hatred and jealousy aroused in the young men towards their elders may in such cases be equal in intensity to those felt under monogamic conditions, but the fact remains that this hatred is no longer intimately connected with the _family_ (at any rate as we understand that institution at the present day).] [Footnote 219: Wundt. _Op. cit._ 34 ff.] [Footnote 220: Wundt. _Op. cit._ 311 ff.] [Footnote 221: This is of course specially the case where the moral code upheld by the parents is one of unnecessary or extreme severity, in which almost every natural manifestation of youthful joy, or vitality is condemned; as is sometimes the case, for instance, with parents of an ultra-puritanical way of thinking, whose own mental life, however admirable in other respects, has been warped by excessive inhibitions. Although marked perhaps by less bitterness than is usual in such cases, Edmund Gosse's remarkable work "Father and Son" affords much interesting ground for thought in this connection.]