The Psychology of ArithmeticThorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee)
Science
The Psychology of Arithmetic
Thorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee)
Arithmetic -- Study and teaching
[3] The form of Test 6 quoted here is that given by Courtis ['11-'12,
p. 20]. This differs a little from the other series of Test 6,
shown on pages 43 and 44.
1. The children of a school gave a sleigh-ride party. There were 9
sleighs, and each sleigh held 30 children. How many children were
there in the party?
REVISION. _If one sleigh holds 30 children, 9 sleighs hold ....
children._
2. Two school-girls played a number-game. The score of the girl
that lost was 57 points and she was beaten by 16 points. What was
the score of the girl that won?
REVISION. _Mary and Nell played a game. Mary had a score of 57.
Nell beat Mary by 16. Nell had a score of ...._
3. A girl counted the automobiles that passed a school. The total
was 60 in two hours. If the girl saw 27 pass the first hour how
many did she see the second?
REVISION. _In two hours a girl saw 60 automobiles. She saw 27 the
first hour. She saw .... the second hour._
4. On a playground there were five equal groups of children each
playing a different game. If there were 75 children all together,
how many were there in each group?
REVISION. _75 pounds of salt just filled five boxes. The boxes were
exactly alike. There were .... pounds in a box._
5. A teacher weighed all the children in a certain grade. One girl
weighed 70 pounds. Her older sister was 49 pounds heavier. How many
pounds did the sister weigh?
REVISION. _Mary weighs 70 lb. Jane weighs 49 pounds more than Mary.
Jane weighs .... pounds._
The distinction between a problem described as clearly and simply as
possible and the same problem put awkwardly or in ill-known words or
willfully obscured should be regarded; and as a rule measurements of
ability to apply arithmetic should eschew all needless obscurity or
purely linguistic difficulty. For example,
_A boy bought a two-cent stamp. He gave the man in the store 10
cents. The right change was .... cents._
is better as a test than
_If a boy, purchasing a two-cent stamp, gave a ten-cent stamp in
payment, what change should he be expected to receive in return?_
The distinction between the description of a _bona fide_ problem that a
human being might be called on to solve out of school and the
description of imaginary possibilities or puzzles should also be
considered. Nos. 3 and 9 of Stone are bad because to frame the problems
one must first know the answers, so that in reality there could never be
any point in solving them. It is probably safe to say that nobody in the
world ever did or ever will or ever should find the number of apples in
a box by the task of No. 4 of the Courtis Test 8.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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