The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology

Name: The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology
Author: Levy, Stanley Isaac

Levy, Stanley Isaac

Rare earths

+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  Group  |    0   |    I   |   II   |   III  |   IV   |    V   |
  |         |        |A      B|A      B|A      B|A      B|A       |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |Series  1|        |    H   |        |        |        |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     2|        |   Li   |   Be   |    B   |    C   |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     3|        |   Na   |   Mg   |   Al   |   Si   |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     4|        |K       |Ca      |_Eka-   |Ti      |        |
  |         |        |        |        |boron_  |        |        |
  |  „     5|        |      Cu|      Zn|        |        |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     6|        |        |Sr      |~Yt~    |Zr      |        |
  |         |        |        |        |        |        |        |
  |  „     7|        |      Ag|      Cd|        |      Sn|        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     8|        |        |Ba      |~Di?~   |~Ce~    |        |
  |         |        |        |        |        |        |        |
  |  „     9|        |        |        |        |        |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „    10|        |        |        |~Er~    |~La?~   |        |
  |         |        |        |        |        |        |        |
  |  „    11|        |      Au|      Hg|        |      Pb|        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „    12|        |        |        |        |Th      |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

FIG. 4.--PART OF THE PERIODIC TABLE, SHOWING THE POSITIONS ORIGINALLY
ASSIGNED TO THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS BY MENDELEJEFF]

It was first pointed out by Brauner in 1881 that, with the exception of
scandium (44·1) and yttrium (89·0), the rare earth elements form a zone
of increasing atomic weight between barium (137·37) and tantalum
(181·5). In 1902 he proposed[176] to consider the rare earth metals as a
kind of zone or belt among the elements, comparable to the asteroids in
the solar system, extending from cerium in Group IV to tantalum in Group
V in a continuous series. The suggestion seems at first sight contrary
to the whole principle of periodic classification, but it accords very
well with the anomalous position of the rare earth group among the other
elements; it is very well illustrated in the accompanying Fig. 5, which
shows an helical or space representation of the table.

  [176] _Zeitsch. anorg. Chem._ 1902, ~32~, 1.

[Illustration: FIG. 5.--HELICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE PERIODIC LAW

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The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and TechnologyLevy, Stanley Isaac

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The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology

Levy, Stanley Isaac

Rare earths

+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  Group  |    0   |    I   |   II   |   III  |   IV   |    V   |
  |         |        |A      B|A      B|A      B|A      B|A       |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |Series  1|        |    H   |        |        |        |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     2|        |   Li   |   Be   |    B   |    C   |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     3|        |   Na   |   Mg   |   Al   |   Si   |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     4|        |K       |Ca      |_Eka-   |Ti      |        |
  |         |        |        |        |boron_  |        |        |
  |  „     5|        |      Cu|      Zn|        |        |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     6|        |        |Sr      |~Yt~    |Zr      |        |
  |         |        |        |        |        |        |        |
  |  „     7|        |      Ag|      Cd|        |      Sn|        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „     8|        |        |Ba      |~Di?~   |~Ce~    |        |
  |         |        |        |        |        |        |        |
  |  „     9|        |        |        |        |        |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „    10|        |        |        |~Er~    |~La?~   |        |
  |         |        |        |        |        |        |        |
  |  „    11|        |      Au|      Hg|        |      Pb|        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  „    12|        |        |        |        |Th      |        |
  +---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

FIG. 4.--PART OF THE PERIODIC TABLE, SHOWING THE POSITIONS ORIGINALLY
ASSIGNED TO THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS BY MENDELEJEFF]

It was first pointed out by Brauner in 1881 that, with the exception of
scandium (44·1) and yttrium (89·0), the rare earth elements form a zone
of increasing atomic weight between barium (137·37) and tantalum
(181·5). In 1902 he proposed[176] to consider the rare earth metals as a
kind of zone or belt among the elements, comparable to the asteroids in
the solar system, extending from cerium in Group IV to tantalum in Group
V in a continuous series. The suggestion seems at first sight contrary
to the whole principle of periodic classification, but it accords very
well with the anomalous position of the rare earth group among the other
elements; it is very well illustrated in the accompanying Fig. 5, which
shows an helical or space representation of the table.

  [176] _Zeitsch. anorg. Chem._ 1902, ~32~, 1.

[Illustration: FIG. 5.--HELICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE PERIODIC LAW

Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.

The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology

The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology

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