The Relation of the Hrólfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarímur to Beowulf: A Contribution To The History Of Saga Development In England And The; Scandinavian CountriesOlson, Oscar Ludvig
History
The Relation of the Hrólfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarímur to Beowulf: A Contribution To The History Of Saga Development In England And The; Scandinavian Countries
In Saxony were two kings, both of whom paid tribute to Frothi. They
planned to throw off the foreign yoke. Hanef made the attempt first, but
Frothi defeated and slew him. Swerting made the attempt later and slew
Frothi, but met his own death at the same time. Swerting's sons, fearing
that Ingjald would avenge his father's death, gave him their sister in
marriage. Thus a reconciliation was effected, and Ingjald thenceforth
devoted himself to pleasure. Starkad, the famous warrior, who was in
Sweden, had been one of Frothi's men and had later been Ingjald's
foster-father. When Starkad learned that Ingjald, instead of seeking
revenge, had made friends with his enemies and had taken Swerting's
daughter to wife and with her was leading a life of luxury, the old
warrior hastened back to Denmark. When Starkad returned, Ingjald's wife,
not knowing him on account of his shabby appearance, insulted him.
Ingjald was away on a hunt at the time; but when he returned, he
recognized Starkad and told his wife who the old man was. In the evening
Ingjald sat down to a luxurious meal with Swerting's sons; and his wife
did all she could to appease Starkad, who was also present. But Starkad
could not forget the insult he had suffered, and became more and more
angry with the effeminate way of living that Ingjald and his wife had
introduced from Germany. In burning words, which are reproduced in the
Ingjald lay, he condemned Ingjald's neglect of duty, his luxurious mode
of life, and his living in friendship with those on whom he should have
avenged his father's death. Ingjald was finally aroused, and he drew his
sword and killed all of Swerting's sons. In regard to his future
relation to his wife Saxo says nothing; but as Starkad advised him to
drive the impudent woman (as he called her) from the land, the
presumption is that Ingjald did so.
The Ingjald lay has its roots in _Beowulf_. Its relationship to the
corresponding episode in the Anglo-Saxon poem is explained in the
following by Olrik:--
"Kun et eneste af Starkad-digtningens mange optrin kan fölges til
ældre kilde end de nordiske. Det er den scene, hvor den gamle
kriger opægger Ingjald til hævn og dermed afbryder forsoningen
imellem de to fjendtlige slægter. I _Béowulf_ findes dette optrin
for förste gang, ganske afvigende i den politiske stilling, men med
kendeligt slægtskab i det digterske indhold.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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