The folk of a Celtic type, whether pre-Celtic, Celtic, or Norse, have all spoken a Celtic language and exhibit the same old Celtic characteristics--vanity, loquacity, excitability, fickleness, imagination, love of the romantic, fidelity, attachment to family ties, sentimental love of their country, religiosity passing over easily to superstition, and a comparatively high degree of sexual morality. Some of these traits were already noted by classical observers. Celtic speech had early lost the initial _p_ of old Indo-European speech, except in words beginning with _pt_ and, perhaps, _ps_. Celtic _pare_ (Lat. _præ_) became _are_, met with in _Aremorici_, "the dwellers by the sea," _Arecluta_, "by the Clyde," the region watered by the Clyde. Irish _athair_, Manx _ayr_, and Irish _iasg_, represent respectively Latin _pater_ and _piscis_. _P_ occurring between vowels was also lost, e.g. Irish _caora_, "sheep," is from _kaperax_; _for_, "upon" (Lat. _super_), from _uper_. This change took place before the Goidelic Celts broke away and invaded Britain in the tenth century B.C., but while Celts and Teutons were still in contact, since Teutons borrowed words with initial _p_, e.g. Gothic _fairguni_, "mountain," from Celtic _percunion_, later _Ercunio_, the Hercynian forest. The loss must have occurred before 1000 B.C. But after the separation of the Goidelic group a further change took place. Goidels preserved the sound represented by _qu_, or more simply by _c_ or _ch_, but this was changed into _p_ by the remaining continental Celts, who carried with them into Gaul, Spain, Italy, and Britain (the Brythons) words in which _q_ became _p_. The British _Epidii_ is from Gaulish _epos_, "horse," which is in Old Irish _ech_ (Lat. _equus_). The Parisii take their name from _Qarisii_, the Pictones or Pictavi of Poictiers from _Pictos_ (which in the plural _Pidi_ gives us "Picts"), derived from _quicto_. This change took place after the Goidelic invasion of Britain in the tenth century B.C. On the other hand, some continental Celts may later have regained the power of pronouncing _q_. In Gaul the _q_ of _Sequana_ (Seine) was not changed to _p_, and a tribe dwelling on its banks was called the Sequani. This assumes that Sequana was a pre-Celtic word, possibly Ligurian.[25] Professor Rh[^y]s thinks, however, that Goidelic tribes, identified by him with Cæsar's Celtæ, existed in Gaul and Spain before the coming of the Galli, and had preserved _q_ in their speech. To them we owe Sequana, as well as certain names with _q_ in Spain.[26] This at least is certain, that Goidelic Celts of the _q_ group occupied Gaul and Spain before reaching Britain and Ireland. Irish tradition and archæological data confirm this.[27] But whether their descendants were represented by Cæsar's "Celtæ" must be uncertain. Celtæ and Galli, according to Cæsar, were one and the same,[28] and must have had the same general form of speech.