[441] Marquardt, p. 324, for the _februa_ of the Luperci, _R.F._ p. 320 foll., and the explanations there given. More will be found alluded to in Van Gennep, _Les Rites de passage_, p. 249. To my mind none are quite convincing. The Romans believed that blows with these _februa_ (strips of the victim's skin) made women fertile; they were therefore clearly magical implements, but beyond this we do not seem to get. (See also Deubner in _Archiv_, 1910, p. 495 foll.) [442] Varro, _L.L._ vi. 13, "Februum Sabini purgamentum, et id in sacris nostris verbum." Cp. Varro, _ap. Nonium_, p. 114; Ovid, _Fasti_, ii. 19 foll., where he calls _februa piamina, purgamenta_, in the language of the _ius divinum_. [443] _L.L._ vi. 11. [444] Servius, _ad Aen._ x. 32; xi. 842; cp. i. 136. [445] See _R.F._ p. 127, for the same rite in the Church of England (Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, p. 292). [446] _Les Rites de passage_, ch. ii. [447] For boundary marks in historical times see _Gromatici auctores_, vol. ii. p. 250 foll. (Rudorff). [448] If the cattle were in the woodland beyond the settlement, as they would be in summer, they could not be protected in this way: like an army going into the country of _hostes_ (see above, p. 216) they were treated in another way, which we may connect with the ritual of the Parilia, as Dr. Frazer has beautifully shown in his paper on St. George and the Parilia (_Revue des etudes ethnographiques et sociologiques_, 1908, p. 1 foll.). [449] _Georg._ i. 338 foll. [450] Varro, _L.L._ v. 143; Servius, _Aen._ v. 755 (from Cato); Plutarch, _Romulus_, xi. [451] See above, p. 117. [452] Buecheler, _Umbrica_, pp. 12 foll. and 42 foll. [453] The deities of the city were invoked to preserve the name, the magistrates, rites, men, cattle, land, and crops: a list in which the name is the only item that carries us back to pre-Christian times. [454] Buecheler, _Umbrica_, pp. 21 and 84 foll. [455] Livy xl. 6 init. [456] See above, p. 96. [457] Numbers xxxi. 19. [458] Festus, p. 117. [459] See Huelsen-Jordan, _Roem. Topographie_, vol. iii. p. 495; Von Domaszewski, _Abhandlungen_, p. 217 foll. [460] Suggested by Van Gennep, _Les Rites de passage_, p. 28. [461] Livy iii. 28. 11. [462] Farnell, _Evolution of Religion_, p. 132 foll. [463] The account of _lustratio_ given in this lecture is adapted from the author's chapter on the same subject in _Anthropology and the Classics_, Oxford University Press, 1908. LECTURE X THE FIRST ARRIVAL OF NEW CULTS IN ROME