[495] See the speech of Claudius the emperor, _C.I.L._ xiii. 1668, printed in Furneaux' _Tacitus' Annals_, vol. ii. Gardthausen, _Mastarna_, p. 40; Mueller-Deecke, _Etrusker_, i. 111. For the Etruscan name Mastarna, see Dennis, _Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria_^3, ii. 506 foll.: Gardthausen gives a cut of the painting found in a tomb at Vulci in which he appears with the name attached. Even the ultra-sceptical Pais does not doubt the fact of an Etruscan domination in Rome; but he does not believe the Tarquinii and Mastarna to have been historical personages, and will not date the temples attributed to this age earlier than the fourth century B.C. See his _Ancient Legends of Roman History_, ch. vii.; _Storia di Roma_, i. 310 foll. But the names of these kings do not concern us, except so far as they connect Etruria with Roman history in the sixth century. [496] Cic. _Rep._ ii. 24. 44; Livy i. 38. and 55; Dionys. iii. 69; iv. 59. 61. The whole evidence will be found collected in Jordan, _Topogr._ i. pt. ii. p. 9 foll., and in Aust, _Myth. Lex._, _s.v._ Jupiter, p. 706 foll. If the date 509 were seriously impugned Roman chronology would be in confusion, for this is believed to be the earliest date on which we can rely, and on it the subsequent chronology hangs: Mommsen, _Roem. Chronologie_, ed. 2, p. 198. [497] Aust, p. 707 foll.; Jordan, _op. cit._, p. 9. [498] _i.e._ the admission of more than one deity into a single building. The word "trias" is sometimes used of the three old Roman deities, Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus (_e.g._ by Wissowa, _Myth. Lex._ _s.v._ Quirinus), but this is in a different sense. On the idea of a trias generally, see Kuhfeldt, _de Capitoliis imperii Romani_, p. 82 foll.; Cumont, _Religions orientales dans le paganisme romain_, p. 290, note 51. [499] The technical name of the temple was aedes Iovis Opt. Max.: for other indications of Jupiter's supremacy see Aust, p. 720. [500] On Oriental developments of Jupiter Opt. Max. see an interesting paper by Cumont in _Archiv_ for 1906, p. 323 foll. (_Iuppiter summus exsuperantissimus_). A relief in the Berlin Museum has a dedication _I.O.M. summo exsuperantissimo_; but Prof. Cumont believes the deity to have been really Oriental, introduced by Greek philosophical theologians in the last century B.C., but probably Chaldaean in origin. [501] Jordan, _op. cit._ p. 7 and note. It is uncertain whether the whole hill had any earlier name. The Mons Saturnius of Varro, _L.L._ v. 42, with the legend of an oppidum _Saturnia_, and the Mons Tarpeius (_Rhet. ad Herenn._, iv. 32. 43; Pais, _Ancient Legends_, chs. v. and vi.) need not be taken into account. [502] Pais, _Ancient Legends of Roman History_, ch. v. [503] See above, p. 130.