[5] Ira W. Howerth, in _International Journal of Ethics_, 1903, p. 205. I owe the reference to R. Karsten, _The Origin of Worship_, Wasa, 1905, p. 2, note. Cp. E. Caird, _Gifford Lectures_ ("Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers"), vol. i. p. 32. "That which underlies all forms of religion, from the highest to the lowest, is the idea of God as an absolute power or principle." To this need only be added the desire to be in right relation to it. Mr. Marett's word "supernaturalism" seems to mean the same thing; "There arises in the region of human thought a powerful impulse to objectify, and even to personify, the mysterious or supernatural something felt; and in the region of will a corresponding impulse to render it innocuous, or, better still, propitious, by force of constraint (_i.e._ magic), communion, or conciliation." See his _Threshold of Religion_, p. 11. Prof. Haddon, commenting on this (_Magic and Fetishism_, p. 93), adds that "there are thus produced the two fundamental factors of religion, the belief in some mysterious power, and the desire to enter into communication with the power by means of worship." Our succinct definition seems thus to be adequate. [6] _The Golden Bough_, ed. 2, vol. i. p. 62. [7] _Liberal Protestantism_, p. 64. [8] For _religio_ as a feeling essentially, see Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Roemer_, p. 318 (henceforward to be cited as _R.K._). For further development of the meaning of the word in Latin literature, see the author's paper in _Proceedings of the Congress for the History of Religions_ (Oxford, 1908), vol. ii. p. 169 foll. A different view of the original meaning of the word is put forward by W. Otto in _Archiv fuer Religionswissenschaft_, vol. xii., 1909, p. 533 (henceforward to be cited as _Archiv_ simply). See also below, p. 459 foll. [9] See, _e.g._, Frazer in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor_, p. 101 foll. [10] _Staatsverwaltung_, iii. p. 2. This will henceforward be cited as _Marquardt_ simply. It forms part of the great _Handbuch der roemischen Alterthuemer_ of Mommsen and Marquardt, and is translated into French, but unfortunately not into English. I may add here that I have only recently become acquainted with what was, at the time it was written, a remarkably good account of the Roman religion, full of insight as well as learning, viz. Doellinger's _The Gentile and the Jew_, Book VII. (vol. ii. of the English translation, 1906).