[11] Two fragments of ancient carmina, _i.e._ formulae which are partly spells and partly hymns, survive--those of the Fratres Arvales and the Salii or dancing priests of Mars. For surviving formulae of prayer see below, p. 185 foll. Our chief authority on the ritual of prayer and sacrifice comes from Iguvium in Umbria, and is in the Umbrian dialect; it will be referred to in Buecheler's _Umbrica_ (1883), where a Latin translation will be found. The Umbrian text revised by Prof. Conway forms an important part of that eminent scholar's work on the Italian dialects. [12] F. Leo, in _Die griechische und lateinische Literatur und Sprache_, p. 328. Cp. Schanz, _Geschichte der roem. Literatur_, vol. i. p. 54 foll. [13] Among Roman poets Ovid is the worst offender, Propertius and Tibullus mislead in a less degree; but they all make up for it to some extent by preserving for us features of the worship as it existed in their own day. The confusion that has been caused in Roman religious history by mixing up Greek and Roman evidence is incalculable, and has recently been increased by Pais (_Storia di Roma_, and _Ancient Legends of Roman History_), and by Dr. Frazer in his lectures on the early history of Kingship--writers to whom in some ways we owe valuable hints for the elucidation of Roman problems. See also Soltau, _Die Anfaenge der roemischen Geschichtsschreibung_, 1909, p. 3. [14] Most welcome to English readers has been Mr. T. E. Peet's recently published volume on _The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy_, and still more valuable for our purposes will be its sequel, when it appears, on the Iron Age. [15] _Roman Festivals_, p. 142 foll.; henceforward to be cited as _R.F._ [16] See Virgil's _Messianic Eclogue_, by Mayor, Fowler, and Conway, p. 75 foll. [17] Wissowa, _R.K._ p. 227. [18] An account of this in English, with photographs, will be found in Pais's _Ancient Legends of Roman History_, p. 21 foll., and notes. [19] Mannhardt, _Mythologische Forschungen_, p. 72 foll. [20] _Ibid._, p. 156 foll. [21] _Lectures on the Early History of Kingship_, lectures 7-9.