[92] See Schanz, _Gesch. der roem. Literatur_, vol. i. (ed. 3) p. 270 foll. [93] This fragment of Piso is preserved by Gellius, xi. 14. 1. [94] See, _e.g._, Schanz, _Gesch. der roem. Literatur_, vol. ii. p. 106. [95] Wissowa, _l.c._ Aust in Roscher's _Lexicon_, _s.v._ "Iuppiter," p. 657. [96] Cumont, _Religions Orientales dans le paganisme romain_, ch. 5. I shall return to this subject in my second course of lectures. [97] Mueller-Deecke, _Etrusker_, ii. ch. vii., especially p. 176 foll. [98] Cp. below, Lecture XV. [99] Pliny, _N.H._ xxviii. 13: "Vestales nostras hodie credimus nondum egressa urbe mancipia fugitiva retinere in loco precationibus." [100] Plutarch, _Numa_, 10. Virginity would increase the power of the spell; see Fehrle, _Die kultische Keuschheit im Altertum_, p. 54 foll. [101] See, _e.g._, Frazer, _G.B._ i. 360 foll. [102] See _R.F._ p. 320, notes 6 and 7. [103] Within the last thirty years or so the Lupercalia has been discussed (apart from writers on classical subjects exclusively) by Mannhardt in his _Mythologische Studien_, p. 72 foll.; Robertson Smith, _Semites_, p. 459; Deubner in _Archiv_, 1910, p. 481 foll.; and at the moment of writing by E. S. Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, i. ch. ii. _R.F._ p. 310 foll. See Appendix D. [104] This view was originally stated in Pauly-Wissowa, _s.v._ "Argei." I endeavoured to confute it in the _Classical Review_, 1902, p. 115 foll., and Wissowa replied in _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_, p. 211 foll. Since then my conviction has become stronger that this great scholar is for once wrong. Ennius alluded to the Argei as an institution of Numa, _i.e._ as primitive (frag. 121, Vahlen, from Festus p. 355, and Varro, _L.L._ vii. 44), yet Ennius was a youth at the very time when Wissowa insists that the rite originated. Wissowa makes no attempt to explain this. See below, p. 321 foll. [105] _R.F._ p. 111 foll. [106] _e.g._ the October horse, which also occurred on the Ides; see _R.F._ p. 241 foll.; and the festival of Anna Perenna, also on Ides (March 15), _R.F._ p. 50 foll. It is just possible that all the three festivals were originally in the old calendar, and dropped out because the mark of the Ides had to be affixed to the day in the first place. See Wissowa, _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_, p. 164 foll.; _R.F._ p. 241.