“The most essential nature of a sentient being is to move _to_ pleasure and _from_ pain.” A. Bain, _On the Study of Character_, p. 292 (London, 1861). “States of Pleasure are connected with an increase, states of Pain with an abatement of some or all of the vital functions.” A. Bain, _Mind and Body_, p. 59. “Affectus est confusa idea, quâ Mens majorem, vel minorem sui corporis, vel alicujus ejus partis, existendi vim affirmat.” Spinoza, _Ethices_, Lib. III. _ad finem_. [11-1] The extension of the mechanical laws of motion to organic motion was, I believe, first carried out by Comte. His biological form of the first law is as follows: “Tout état, statique ou dynamique, tend à persister spontanément, sans aucune altération, en resistant aux perturbations extérieures.” _Système de Politique Positive_, Tome iv. p. 178. The metaphysical ground of this law has, I think, been very well shown by Schopenhauer to be in the Kantian principle that time is not a force, nor a quality of matter, but a condition of perception, and hence it can exert no physical influence. See Schopenhauer, _Parerga und Paralipomena_, Bd. II, s. 37. [13-1] “Aller Genuss, seiner Natur nach, ist negativ, d. h., in Befreiung von einer Noth oder Pein besteht.” _Parerga und Paralipomena._ Bd. II, s. 482. [14-1] “No impression whatever is pleasant beyond the instant of its realization; since, at that very instant, commences the change of susceptibility, which suggests the desire for a change of impression or for a renewal of that impression which is fading away.” Dr. J. P. Catlow, _The Principles of Aesthetic Medicine_, p. 155 (London, 1867). “Dum re, quem appetamus fruimur, corpus ex ea fruitione novam acquirat constitutionem, á quá aliter determinatur, et aliæ rerum imagines in eo excitantur,” etc. Spinoza, _Ethices_, Pars III, Prop. lix. [18-1] “Feeling and thought are much more real than anything else; they are the only things which we directly know to be real.”--John Stuart Mill.--_Theism_, p. 202. How very remote external objects are from what we take them to be, is constantly shown in physiological studies. As Helmholtz remarks: “No kind and no degree of similarity exists between the quality of a sensation, and the quality of the agent inducing it and portrayed by it.”--_Lectures on Scientific Subjects_, p. 390. [20-1] _The Philosophy of Consciousness_, p. 72. [21-1] The Gospel of John (ch. xviii.) leaves the impression that Pilate either did not wait for an answer but asked the question in contempt, as Bacon understood, or else that waiting he received no answer. The Gospel of Nicodemus, however, written according to Tischendorf in the second century, probably from tradition, gives the rest of the conversation as follows: “Pilate says to him: What is truth? Jesus says: Truth is from heaven. Pilate says: Is not there truth upon earth? Jesus says to Pilate: See how one who speaks truth is judged by those who have power upon earth!” [ch. iii.]