[22-1] The most acute recent discussion of this subject is by Helmholtz, in his essay entitled, “_Recent Progress in the Theory of Vision_.” [24-1] George Boole, Professor of Mathematics in Queen’s College, Cork, was born Nov. 2, 1815, died Dec. 8, 1864. He was the author of several contributions to the higher mathematics, but his principal production is entitled: _An Investigation into the Laws of Thought, on which are founded the mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities_ [London, 1854.] Though the reputation he gained was so limited that one may seek his name in vain in the _New American Cyclopedia_ [1875], or the _Dictionnaire des Contemporains_ [1859], the few who can appreciate his treatise place the very highest estimate upon it. Professor Todhunter, in the preface to his _History of the Theory of Probabilities_, calls it “a marvellous work,” and in similar language Professor W. Stanley Jevons speaks of it as “one of the most marvellous and admirable pieces of reasoning ever put together” (_Pure Logic_, p. 75). Professor Bain, who gives a synopsis of it in his _Deductive Logic_, wholly misapprehends the author’s purpose, and is unable to appraise justly his conclusions. [28-1] _The Institutes of Metaphysic_, p. 459, (2nd edition.) [31-1] _An Outline of the Necessary Laws of Thought_, p. 113 (New York, 1860). [37-1] _The Dhamapada_, verse 93. [37-2] Koppen, _Der Buddhismus_, s. 30. [39-1] Spencer in assuming an “unknowable universal causal agent and source of things,” as “the nature of the power manifested in phenomena,” and in calling this the idea common to both religion and “ideal science,” fell far behind Comte, who expressed the immovable position, not only of positive science but of all intelligence, in these words: “Le véritable esprit positif consiste surtout à substituer toujours l’étude des _lois_ invariables des phénomènes à celles de leurs _causes_ proprement dites, premières ou finales, en un mot la determination du _comment_ à celle du _pourquoi_.”--_Systèmede[TN-4] Politique Positive_, i. p. 47. Compare Spencer’s Essay entitled, “Reasons for dissenting from Comte.” The purposive law is the only final cause which reason allows. Comte’s error lay in ignoring this class of laws. [43-1] _The Institutes of Metaphysic_, 2d Ed. See also Bain, _The Emotions and the Will_, the closing note. [44-1] Boole, _Laws of Thought_, p. 401. THE EMOTIONAL ELEMENTS OF THE RELIGIOUS SENTIMENT. SUMMARY. The Religious Sentiment is made up of emotions and thoughts. The emotions are historically first and most prominent. Of all concerned, Fear is the most obvious. Hope is its correlate. Both suppose Experience, and a desire to repeat or avoid it. Hence a Wish is the source of both emotions, and the proximate element of religion. The significance of desire as the postulate of development. The influence of fear and hope. The conditions which encourage them.