A disputed boundary--Sources of the Mississippi--The fur traders push southward--Expedition up the Missouri--Lewis and Clark meet Nor'-Westers--Claim of United States made--Sad death of Lewis--Lieutenant Pike's journey--Pike meets fur traders--Cautious Dakotas--Treaty with Chippewas--Violent death--Long and Keating fix 49 deg. N.--Visit Fort Garry--Follow old fur traders' route--An erratic Italian--Strange adventures--Almost finds source--Beltrami County--Cass and Schoolcraft fail--Schoolcraft afterwards succeeds--Lake Itasca--Curious origin of name--The source determined 326 CHAPTER XXXIV. FAMOUS JOURNEYS IN RUPERT'S LAND. Fascination of an unknown land--Adventure, science, or gain--Lieutenant Lefroy's magnetic survey--Hudson's Bay Company assists--Winters at Fort Chipewyan--First scientific visit to Peace River--Notes lost--Not "gratuitous canoe conveyance"--Captain Palliser and Lieutenant Hector--Journey through Rupert's Land--Rocky Mountain passes--On to the coast--A successful expedition--Hind and Dawson--To spy out the land for Canada--The fertile belt--Hind's description good--Milton and Cheadle--Winter on the Saskatchewan--Reach Pacific Ocean in a pitiable condition--Captain Butler--The horse Blackie and dog "Cerf Vola"--Fleming and Grant--"Ocean to ocean"--"Land fitted for a healthy and hardy race"--Waggon road and railway 337 CHAPTER XXXV. RED RIVER SETTLEMENT. 1817-1846. Chiefly Scottish and French settlers--Many hardships--Grasshoppers--Yellow Head--"Gouverneur Sauterelle"--Swiss settlers--Remarkable parchment--Captain Bulger, a military governor--Indian troubles--Donald McKenzie, a fur trader governor--Many projects fail--The flood--Plenty follows--Social condition--Lower Fort built--Upper Fort Garry--Council of Assiniboia--The settlement organized--Duncan Finlayson governor--English farmers--Governor Christie--Serious epidemic--A regiment of regulars--The unfortunate major--The people restless 348 CHAPTER XXXVI. THE PRAIRIES: SLEDGE, KEEL, WHEEL, CAYUSE, CHASE. A picturesque life--The prairie hunters and traders--Gaily-caparisoned dog trains--The great winter packets--Joy in the lonely forts--The summer trade--The York boat brigade--Expert voyageurs--The famous Red River cart--Shagganappe ponies--The screeching train--Tripping--The western cayuse--The great buffalo hunt--Warden of the plains--Pemmican and fat--The return in triumph 360 CHAPTER XXXVII. LIFE ON THE SHORES OF HUDSON BAY AND LABRADOR.