OUTLINE: I.--Importance of the institution of monasticism. II.--Antecedents and analogies. III.--Causes of the origin of Christian monasticism. IV.--Evolution of Christian monasticism. V.--Spread of group monasticism from the East to the West. VI.--Development of monasticism in Western Europe. VII.--Opposition to monasticism. VIII.--Results and influences of monasticism. IX.--Sources. CHAPTER XII SPREAD OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH OVER EUROPE 229 OUTLINE: I.--Extent of Christianity under Gregory the Great. II.--Character of missionary work from the sixth to the tenth century. III.--Conversion of the British Isles. IV.--Conversion of the Franks. V.--Conversion of the Germans. VI.--Conversion of Scandinavia. VII.--Planting of the Church among the Slavs. VIII.--Efforts to convert the Mohammedans. IX.--Sources. CHAPTER XIII SEPARATION OF THE ROMAN AND GREEK CHURCHES 265 OUTLINE: I.--Relation of the Greek and Roman Churches before 325. II.--Effect of the Arian Controversy on the situation. III.--The history of image worship. IV.--Character and results of the Iconoclastic Controversy. V.--Final separation. VI.--Resemblances and differences between the two churches. VII.--Sources. CHAPTER XIV RELATION OF THE CHURCH AND STATE UP TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE 289 OUTLINE: I.--Church and state before Constantine. II.--Church and state from Constantine to 476. III.--Period of the Ostrogothic rule (476-552). IV.--Reunion of Italy with the Eastern Empire. V.--Alliance between the Papacy and the Franks. VI.--Restoration of the Empire in the West in 800. VII.--Effect of the rise of national states on the Church. VIII.--Sources. CHAPTER XV THE PSEUDO-ISIDORIAN DECRETALS AND THE PAPAL CONSTITUTION 326 OUTLINE: I.--What were the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals? II.--Condition of Europe when the Decretals appeared. III.--Purpose of the forgery. IV.--Character and composition. V.--Time, place, and personality of authorship. VI.--Significance and results. VII.--Nicholas I. and papal supremacy. VIII.--Decline of spirituality in the Church. IX.--Sources. CHAPTER XVI ORGANISATION, LIFE, AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE CHURCH, SIXTH TO NINTH CENTURY 347 OUTLINE: I.--Organisation of the papal hierarchy. II.--Moral condition of the clergy and laity. III.--Great activity and wide influence of the Church. IV.--The ordeals and the Church. V.--Church discipline: excommunication and interdict, and penance. VI.--Worship; the mass; preaching; hymns. VII.--The sacraments. VIII.--Relics and saints. IX.--Sources. CHAPTER XVII