THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY 384 OUTLINE: I.--Decline of the Empire under the later Carolingians. II.--Preparations to restore the Empire on a German basis. III.--Otto the Great creates the Holy Roman Empire. IV.--Holy Roman Empire attains its height under Henry III. V.--Results of the creation of the Holy Roman Empire. VI.--Sources. CHAPTER XVIII PREPARATIONS FOR THE HILDEBRANDINE REFORMATION 418 OUTLINE: I.--Decline of the Papacy after Nicholas I. (858-867). II.--Reform efforts before the time of Hildebrand. III.--The youth and education of Hildebrand. IV.--The Hildebrandine Popes. V.--Sources. CHAPTER XIX GREGORY VII. AND HIS WORK 445 OUTLINE: I.--Condition of the Church in 1073. II.--Election of Hildebrand as Pope. III.--Gregory VII.'s matured papal theory and reform ideas. IV.--His efforts to realise his ideals. V.--The investiture strife. VI.--Conclusions. VII.--Sources. CHAPTER XX THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRUSADES 476 OUTLINE: I.--The rise and spread of Mohammedanism. II.--Positive and negative causes of the Crusades. III.--Character and description of the Crusades. IV.--Results and influences of the Crusades. V.--Sources. CHAPTER XXI RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS IN THE CHURCH 510 OUTLINE: I.--Monasticism before the Crusades. II.--Effect of the Crusades on monasticism. III.--Origin of the begging orders. IV.--Rise and influence of the Dominicans. V.--Origin and power of the Franciscans. VI.--Wide-spread results of mediæval monasticism. VII.--Sources. CHAPTER XXII INNOCENT III. AND THE CHURCH AT ITS HEIGHT 544 OUTLINE: I.--Antecedent preparation for this period. II.--Career of Innocent III. up to 1198. III.--Innocent III.'s plans and ideals as Pope. IV.--Condition of Europe at the close of the twelfth century. V.--Innocent III. makes himself the political head of Europe. VI.--Innocent III.'s efforts to root out heresy and reform the Church. VII.--Innocent III.'s character and the general results of his pontificate. VIII.--Sources. CHAPTER XXIII THE MEDIÆVAL CHURCH AT ITS HEIGHT 569 OUTLINE: I.--Characteristics of the thirteenth century. II.--Territorial extent and wealth of the Church. III.--Organisation of the papal hierarchy completed. IV.--The legal system of the Church. V.--The official language and ritual of the Church. VI.--The sacramental system. VII.--The employment of art. VIII.--The Church moulded the civilisation of Europe. IX.--Sources. INDEX 607 THE RISE OF THE MEDIÆVAL CHURCH CHAPTER I THE STUDY OF CHURCH HISTORY[1:1]