Forces which overthrew Chattel Slavery--Advantages of Chattel Slaves over Freedmen and Wages-slaves--Natural Fecundity esteemed a Blessing, not a Curse--Condition of American Slaves under Slavery 40 CHAPTER VIII. EXPLOITATION-VALUE OF SLAVE AND FREE LABOUR. Contrast of Plantation-Servants with British Workpeople--Affluence of former American Slaves--Misery of Free Labourers and Artisans--Value of Irish Peasants and English Workers--Free and Slave Children in America 47 CHAPTER IX. HISTORY OF EARLY SOCIAL REFORMERS. Intention of foregoing Contrast--Difficulties of Christian Revolution, and comparative Facility of coming Ones--Essenes as Early Reformers--Difficulties in the way of Christian innovations on Pagan Slavery 54 CHAPTER X. PROGRESS OF EARLY CHRISTIAN PROPAGANDA. Opposition from corrupt Slave-Caste--Detestation of Christian Doctrines by Slave-owners--Incomprehensibility of the new Doctrine of Equality--Absence of a destitute Free People a Drawback on Reform--Spread of the New Teachings--Alarm, and Persecution of the New Faith 61 CHAPTER XI. THE FOUR GREAT PERSECUTIONS. Obscurity and Insignificance of Early Reformers their best Protection--Christians the great Levellers--Nero’s Persecution--The Blood of the Martyrs the Seed of the Church--Persecution of Domitian--Martyrdoms under Trajan--Tortures under Antonius 68 CHAPTER XII. PROGRESS OF PROPAGANDA TO THE TENTH PERSECUTION. Seven Years’ Persecution of Equalitarian Innovators--Seventh Great Persecution--Christians charged with Sorcery in Eighth Persecution--Tortures of Ninth and Tenth Persecutions--Pretended Conversion of Constantine--Lives of Early Christian exemplars to the Pagan World 75 CHAPTER XIII. DEBASEMENT OF THE NEW POWER WHEN SEIZED BY RULERS. Cost of making the New Ideas triumphant--Change in Character in the hands of Kings, Courtiers, and Profitmongers--Emancipations become a matter of Policy and Profit--Repudiation of principles of Fraternity and Equality--Horrors of introduction of Proletarianism 82 CHAPTER XIV. SERVICE OF CHRISTIANITY IN BREAKING CASTE-BONDS. Division of Emancipated Slaves into two Classes of Proletarians--Equality and Fraternity gave the desire for Liberty--Inveteracy of Caste-prejudice--Perversion of Christianity under Constantine--Antagonism of Wages-Slavery and Christianity 89 CHAPTER XV. FORM OF SLAVERY UNDER MODERN CIVILIZATION.