STEPHENSON and the railroad, 192 “STONE,” significance of, coupled with “ford” as a particle in place-names, 154 STONEHENGE, 19 STOUR, bridge over at Canterbury, 97 STRAIGHTNESS OF ROMAN ROADS, characteristics, 134-7; modifications of, 137-8; planning, 138-40; method of planning, 139-45 STRAITS OF DOVER, 19, 35, 105, 132 “STRANGLING OF COMMUNICATION,” 57 STRATEGY, MILITARY, and the English road system, 99-101; (_see_ also Military roads) STRATFORD ST. MARY’S, origin of Peddars Way, 174 STREATHAM and Stane Street, 167 STREATLEY, Thames valley at, 35 “STREET,” significance of, coupled with “ford” as a particle in place-names, 154 SUFFOLK and Peddars Way, 174 SURFACE (_see_ under Soil, Chalk, Clay, Gravel, Sand) SUSSEX, effects of decay of main road in, 76; coast of, 98; trackways through, 120; Downs, 17, 130; Weald, the, sand ridges in, 131; iron industry in, 131; clay in, 131; isolation of from the North, 166; West, isolation of during the Dark Ages due to breakdown of Roman bridge over the Arun, 153; coast, an example of road diversion due to waterways, 99; and raids, 99 TELFORD, THOMAS, 90; and the road from London to Holyhead, 186-9; and the Great North Road, 191 TEMPLE BAR, 59 TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, 59 THAMES, RIVER, and its crossing at London, 29, 97, 121-2; provides easy means of penetration into England, 94; strategical considerations of, 100-01; and the trackways, 117, 126; and communication with south coast, 132, 165; and Gravesend during the Dark Ages, 164; estuary of, effect of marshes in, 15, 102-4 TIBER, RIVER, current of, 31 TILBURY, temporary bridge at during the Great War, 100; hard approach to Thames at, 121 TOLL, payment of at bridges, 26 TOWNS, problem of road congestion in, 57-60; “reserve,” 68 TRACKWAYS, BRITISH, PRE-ROMAN, the Pilgrim’s Way, 19; the first stage of road development, 110; Exe to Humber, 117, 126-7; from Salisbury Plain, 117, 118-20, 126; from London, 120-22; to centre of Norfolk, 125; to the Tyne, 125; by Shipley, 126; and position of wheat lands, 128; and the ports, 129; and river crossings, 129-30; and chalk, 130-31; and sand, 131-2 TRENT, RIVER, 93-4, 102; old lowest bridge over, 97 TURIN, rebuilding of, 59 TURNPIKE SYSTEM, 115, 180; made the modern English road, 183; basis of, 184; early resentment against, 184; not a national system, 185 TYNE, RIVER, crossing of by Romans, 102; and the trackways, 125, 129 U.S.A. and military roads, 75 URICONIUM, 71, 103 VEGETATION (_see_ Forest); intermittent, influence of on course of road, 51-2 VENICE, protection by marsh, 15; limitation of growth by marsh, 67 VICTORIA STATION, London, 68 VOSGES, the, gradients of roads in, 41; Valley of Belfort in, 44-5