The Roman assemblies from their origin to the end of the RepublicBotsford, George Willis
History
The Roman assemblies from their origin to the end of the Republic
Botsford, George Willis
Constitutional law -- Rome; Rome -- Politics and government
Cicero is here contrasting the comitia centuriata, which recalled him,
with the tribal assembly of the plebs, which pronounced the sentence of
exile. Now as he was condemned by the plebeian assembly, it is clear
that in this passage Cicero calls the plebeian assembly comitia. How
Mommsen[732] can make this citation refer to his “patricio-plebeian”
comitia tributa no one can possibly explain. In _Att._ iii. 12. 1,
comitia expressly includes the tribunician elections. The same elections
are twice called comitia in _Att._ iii. 14; and in iii. 13. 1, Cicero,
again mentioning these comitia, says: “In tribunis plebis designatis
reliqua spes est.” From all these passages it becomes evident that Cicero
regards the plebeian assembly as comitia. In many passages comitia
seems to include all the elections of the year, of plebeian as well as
of patrician magistrates; for the elections were usually held in the
same season, and could not well be separated in thought.[733] In fact,
according to Cicero’s usage, comitia includes all kinds of national
assemblies which do not come under the term contiones; cf. _Sest._ 50.
106:
“In three places can the judgment and the will of the Roman
people be best discovered, in contio, in comitia, and in the
gathering for the festivals and the gladiatorial shows.”[734]
Cf. also 54. 115; 59. 125.
The very phrase comitia populi (_Rep._ ii. 32. 56; _Div._ ii. 18. 42)
implies the existence of other comitia, for instance comitia plebis.
It is not strange, therefore, that Cicero should use the following
expression; _Rep._ i. 33. 50: “The nobles who have arrogated to
themselves this name, not with the consent of the people, but by their
own comitia.”[735] Here he makes it evident that there may be comitia
of the nobles in contrast with the “consent of the people.” Should the
senate usurp the elective function, Cicero would not hesitate to call
that small body comitia, as appears from his ironical expressions in
_Phil._ xi. 8. 19 (“Quod si comitia placet in senatu haberi” and “Quae
igitur haec comitia”), in which he anticipates imperial usage; cf. Vell.
ii. 124; Tac. _Ann._ i. 15.
Furthermore he speaks of comitia, consisting of but seventeen tribes, for
the election of sacerdotes; _Cael._ 8. 19; _Leg. Agr._ ii. 7. 18; _Ad
Brut._ i. 5. 3 f.; 14. 1; _Fam._ viii. 12. 4; 14. 1.
From his point of view, a tribal assembly of the whole people was one
which consisted of all thirty-five tribes, irrespective of the number
present in the several tribes, irrespective, too, of the rank of those
who attended. An assembly tributim of a part of the people, on the other
hand, was one in which some of the tribes were unrepresented. All this is
clearly expressed in _Leg. Agr._ ii. 7. 16 f.:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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