The star Gamma in Andromeda is easily located, as it is almost overhead
between the dates November 17–27, at a convenient hour in the evening.
It is in a line with Epsilon, the star at the left-hand corner of the
W-shaped group in the constellation, Cassiopeia, and with Polaris, the
Pole Star. The meteors radiating from this point are variously referred
to as the Andromedæ, Andromedids, and the Bielids, on account of their
supposed connection with the Comet of Biela. As a matter of fact it
matters little what they are called, as long as we know their appearance
and when and where to look for them. They may be looked upon as
supplementary to the story of the comet, and possibly some of the
particles may eventually find a resting-place on planet earth.
According to Dr. Crommelin of the Greenwich Observatory:
“the career of a comet may be said to be over when its meteors have
lost all their gas, or when they have been scattered by
perturbations over so wide a space that its unity and visibility are
lost. These disrupting causes are most effective when a comet is
fairly near the sun; therefore the oftener that a comet approaches
the sun, the shorter the period of its existence as a comet. I
think, therefore, that we can ascribe the great prevalence of
long-period comets to the principle of the survival of the fittest.”
Long-period comets are those which sometimes require hundreds of years
before they return sunward, as, for instance, Donati’s comet with its
period of about two thousand years. Others of short period, like Encke’s
comet, are regular visitors to the sun, returning after a short interval
of a few years along a well-known path. Once upon a time they may have
been long-period comets, which have had their paths restricted, owing to
the strong attractive pull of the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
and Neptune. As a result of the disturbances (or perturbations, as they
are technically called) thus caused, according to the so-called capture
theory, Jupiter has annexed fifty comets, including the Comet of Biela.
Uranus and Saturn, according to the same theory, own a limited family of
two, while Neptune has four, including Halley’s famous comet. Its least
distance from the sun is 56 million miles at its point of nearest
approach, and 3,200 million miles when at the opposite end of its orbit.
But the great majority of these strange bodies appear to travel in
parabolas, open curves leading from infinite space to and around the
sun, and thence back into the region of the fixed stars.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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