At the return of Halley’s comet in 1910 it was conjectured that it would
probably be greatly disturbed by the influence of the planet Jupiter,
and that of Uranus and the newly discovered planet Neptune. It was
therefore possible for Dr. P. H. Cowell and Dr. A. C. D. Crommelin (both
of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich) to make a prediction so exact that
the comet was found within six minutes of arc in R. A., and four minutes
in declination of its predicted place, as shown on the first photograph
obtained. This was equivalent to an angular distance in the sky less
than one quarter of the diameter of the moon. (Incidentally, a prize of
1,000 marks, which had been offered by Mr. Lindemann for the most
accurate prediction of the comet’s arrival at perihelion, was won and
divided between the two mathematicians.) De Pontecoulant had made
calculations regarding the return of the comet many years earlier which
were fairly near the truth, but one month too late. It was action of
Jupiter about the 1835 perihelion that had such an effect on the 1910
return. The action of Jupiter at any return does not produce a notable
effect till the following return.
One of the first photographs obtained of Halley’s comet at this return
was due to the foresight of Herr Max Wolf of the Heidelberg Observatory,
in exposing a photographic plate for several weeks beforehand, so as to
entrap the wanderer at the first opportunity. It was caught at 2 A.M. in
the morning of September 12, 1909, engraving its image on the
photographic plate, a welcome message announcing its advent to the
astronomical world. (The first photograph obtained of Halley’s comet was
taken at Helwan on August 24, but Herr Wolf was the first to identify
the comet’s image on the plate. There were also many early photographs
taken at Greenwich.) For thirty-two years it had remained beyond the
orbit of the outermost planet Neptune, then, obedient to the attractive
power of its lord and master the sun, it had started on the return trip.
Despite its enormous distance from our planet, and the fact that it was
beyond reach of telescope or camera, it was possible for mathematicians
to trace its path with unerring accuracy. It had approached the orbit of
Neptune after the year 1888, the orbit of Uranus about ten years later,
crossing that of Saturn in 1908. The following year it arrived at the
orbit of Jupiter, thus bringing it within the range of both the
photographic plate and giant telescopes. Its actual return to perihelion
in 1910 differed by two and seven-tenths days from the prediction which
can be explained only by the existence of forces which are not pure
gravitation, or the possibility of another planet beyond Neptune, as yet
undiscovered, acting as a disturbing factor.
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