The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practiceKeith, Arthur Berriedale
History
The Sanskrit drama : $b in its origin, development, theory and practice
Keith, Arthur Berriedale
Sanskrit drama -- History and criticism
In Kālidāsa we find the normal state of the Prākrits in the later
drama, Çaurasenī for the prose speeches, and Māhārāṣṭrī for the verses.
[345] The police officers and the fisher in the Çakuntalā use Māgadhī,
but the king’s brother-in-law, who is in charge of the police and is a
faint echo of the Çakāra, speaks, as we have the drama, neither Çākārī
nor Māgadhī nor Dākṣiṇātyā but simply Çaurasenī. By this time, of
course, we may assume that Prākrit for the drama had been stereotyped
by the authority of Vararuci’s Prākrit grammar, and that it differed
considerably from the spoken dialect; there would be clear proof if the
Apabhraṅça verses of the Vikramorvaçī could safely be ascribed to
Kālidāsa. The Māhārāṣṭrī unquestionably owes its vogue to the outburst
of lyric in that dialect, which has left its traces in the anthology of
Hāla and later texts, and which about the period of Kālidāsa invaded
the epic. [346]
Kālidāsa’s Sanskrit is classical; here and there deviations from the
norm are found, but in most instances the expressions are capable of
defence on some rule or other, while in others we may remember the fact
of the epic tradition which is strong in Bhāsa.
The metres of Kālidāsa show in the Mālavikāgnimitra a restricted
variety; the Āryā (35) and the Çloka (17) are the only metres often
occurring. In the Vikramorvaçī the Āryā (29) and the Çloka (30) are
almost in equal favour, while the Vasantatilaka (12) and the
Çārdūlavikrīḍita (11) make a distinct advance in importance. In the
Çakuntalā the Āryā (38) and Çloka (36) preserve their relative
positions, while the Vasantatilaka (30) and Çārdūlavikrīḍita (22)
advance in frequency of use, a striking proof of Kālidāsa’s growing
power of using elaborate metrical forms. The Upajāti types increase to
16. The other metres used in the drama are none of frequent occurrence;
common to all the dramas are Aparavaktra, [347] Aupacchandasika, [348]
and Vaitālīya, Drutavilambita, Puṣpitāgrā, Pṛthvī, Mandākrāntā, Mālinī,
Vaṅçasthā, Çārdūlavikrīḍita, Çikhariṇī, and Hariṇī; the
Mālavikāgnimitra and the Çakuntalā share also Praharṣiṇī, Rucirā, [349]
Çālinī, and Sragdharā; the latter adds the Rathoddhatā, [350] the
Vikramorvaçī a Mañjubhāṣiṇī. [351] The earliest play has one irregular
Prākrit verse, the second two Āryās, and 29 of varied form of the types
measured by feet or morae, and the last seven Āryās and two Vaitālīyas.
The predominance of the Āryā is interesting, for it is essentially a
Prākrit metre, whence it seems to have secured admission into Sanskrit
verse.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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