[Footnote 468: The _upádhi_ is the "condition" which must be supplied to restrict a too general middle term. If the middle term, as thus restricted, is still found in the minor term, the argument is valid; if not, it fails. Thus, in "The mountain has smoke because it has fire" (which rests on the false premise that "all fire is accompanied by smoke"), we must add "wet fuel" as the condition of "fire;" and if the mountain _has_ wet fuel as well as fire, of course it will have smoke. Similarly, the alleged argument that "B is dark because he is Mitrá's son" fails, if we can establish that the dark colour of her former offspring A depended not on his being her son, but on her happening to have fed on vegetables instead of ghee. If we can prove that she still keeps to her old diet, of course our amended middle term will still prove B to be dark, but not otherwise.] [Footnote 469: The Hindus think that a child's dark colour comes from the mother's living on vegetables, while its fair colour comes from her living on ghee.] [Footnote 470: By Bháshá-parich. śl. 25, the four elements, earth, water, air, and fire, are _sparśavat_, but by śl. 27 of these air is neither _pratyaksha_ nor _rúpavat_.] [Footnote 471: This condition would imply that we could only argue from this middle term "the being produced" in cases of positive existence, not non-existence.] [Footnote 472: "Soul," of course, is not external; but our topic was not _soul_, but _air_.] [Footnote 473: As, _e.g._, the mountain and Mitrá's first son in the two false arguments, "The mountain has smoke because it has fire" (when the fire-possessing red-hot iron ball has no smoke), and "Mitrá's first son A is dark because he is Mitrá's offspring" (when her second son B is fair). These two subjects possess the respective _sádhyas_ or major terms "smoke" and "dark colour," and therefore are respectively the subjects where the conditions "wet fuel" and "the mother's feeding on vegetables" are to be respectively applied.] [Footnote 474: As, _e.g._, the red-hot ball of iron and Mitrá's second son; as these, though possessing the respective middle terms "fire" and "the being Mitrá's offspring" do not possess the respective conditions "wet fuel" or "the mother's feeding on vegetables," nor, consequently, the respective major terms (_sádhya_) "smoke" and "dark colour."] [Footnote 475: This will exclude the objected case of "dark jars" in (_a_), as it falls under neither of these two alternatives; for, though they are the sites of the _sádhya_ "dark colour," they do not admit the condition "the feeding on vegetables," nor the middle term "the being Mitrá's son."] [Footnote 476: _I.e._, wherever there is fire produced by wet fuel there is smoke. The condition and the major term are "equipollent" in their extension.] [Footnote 477: Where the _hetu_ is found and not the _sádhya_ (as in the red-hot ball of iron), there the _upádhi_ also is not applicable.]