These various subdivisions of _ásrava_ have been described at length in several _Sútras_. "_Ásrava_ is the impulse to action with body, speech, or mind, and it is good or evil as it produces merit or demerit," &c. Others, however, explain it thus:--"_Ásrava_ is the action of the senses which impels the soul towards external objects; the light of the soul, coming in contact with external objects by means of the senses, becomes developed as the knowledge of form, &c."[76] _Bandha_, "bondage," is when the soul, by the influence of "false intuition," "non-indifference," "carelessness," and "sin" (_kasháya_), and also by the force of _yoga_, assumes various bodies occupying many parts of space, which enter into its own subtile body, and which are suited to the bond of its previous actions. As has been said-- "Through the influence of sin the individual soul assumes bodies suitable to its past actions, this is, 'bondage.'" In this quotation the word "sin" (_kasháya_) is used to include the other three causes of bondage as well as that properly so termed. Váchakáchárya has thus enumerated the causes of bondage: "The causes of bondage are false intuition, non-indifference, carelessness, and sin." (_a_) "False intuition" is twofold,--either innate from one's natural character, as when one disbelieves Jaina doctrines from the influence of former evil actions, irrespectively of another's teaching,--or derived, when learned by another's teaching. (_b_) "Non-indifference" is the non-restraint of the five senses, and the internal organ from the set of six, earth, &c. (_c_) "Carelessness" (_pramáda_) is a want of effort to practise the five kinds of _samiti_, _gupti_, &c. (_d_) "Sin" consists of anger, &c. Here we must make the distinction that the four things, false intuition, &c., cause those kinds of bondage called _sthiti_ and _anubháva_; _yoga_ [or _ásrava_] causes those kinds called _prakṛiti_ and _pradeśa_. "Bondage" is fourfold, as has been said: "_Prakṛiti_, _sthiti_, _anubháva_, and _pradeśa_ are its four kinds." 1. _Prakṛiti_ means "the natural qualities," as bitterness or sweetness in the vimba plant or molasses. This may be subdivided into eight _múla-prakṛitis_.[77]