(_b._) Impurity is an evil condition pertaining to the soul. This is of five kinds, false conception and the rest. Thus Haradatta also says:-- "False conception, demerit, attachment, interestedness, and falling, "These five, the root of bondage, are in this system especially to be shunned." (_c._) An expedient is a means of purifying the aspirant to liberation. These expedients are of five kinds, use of habitation, and the rest. Thus he also says:-- "Use of habitation, pious muttering, meditation, constant recollection of Rudra, "And apprehension, are determined to be the five expedients of acquirements." (_d._) Locality is that by which, after studying the categories, the aspirant attains increase of knowledge and austerity, viz., spiritual teachers and the rest. Thus he says:-- "The spiritual teachers, a cavern, a special place, the burning-ground, and Rudra only." (_e._) Perseverance is the endurance in one or other of these pentads until the attainment of the desired end, and is distributed into the differenced and the rest. Thus it is said:-- "The differenced, the undifferenced, muttering, acceptance, and devotion as the fifth." (_f._) Purification is the putting away, once for all, of false conception and the other four impurities. It is distributed into five species according to the five things to be put away. Thus it is said-- "The loss of ignorance, of demerit, of attachment, of interestedness, "And of falling, is declared to be the fivefold purification of the state of bondage." (_g._) The five initiations are thus enumerated:-- "The material, the proper time, the rite, the image, and the spiritual guide as the fifth." (_h._) The five powers are as follow:-- "Devotion to the spiritual guide, clearness of intellect, conquest of pleasure and pain, "Merit and carefulness, are declared the five heads of power." The three functions are the modes of earning daily food consistent with propriety, for the diminution of the five impurities, viz., mendicancy, living upon alms, and living upon what chance supplies. All the rest is to be found in the standard words of this sect. In the first aphorism above recited, the word _now_ serves to introduce the exposition of the termination of pain (or emancipation), that being the object of the interrogation about the putting away of pain personal, physical, and hyperphysical. By the word _paśu_ we are to understand the effect (or created world), the word designating that which is dependent on something ulterior. By the word _pati_ we are to understand the cause (or _principium_), the word designating the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the _pati_, or ruler. The meaning of the words sacrifices and rites every one knows.