When _Jean_ kills the bird which _Julie_ wants to rescue from the ruins of her life, it is not so much out of real cruelty, as it is because the character of _Jean_ was molded in the relentless school of necessity, in which only those survive who have the determination to act in time of danger. For as _Jean_ says, "Miss Julie, I see that you are unhappy, I know that you are suffering, but I cannot understand you. Among my kind there is no nonsense of this sort. We love as we play--when work gives us time. We haven't the whole day and night for it as you." Here we have the key to the psychology of the utter helplessness and weakness of the Julie type, and of the brutality of the Jeans. The one, the result of an empty life, of parasitic leisure, of a useless, purposeless existence. The other, the effect of too little time for development, for maturity and depth; of too much toil to permit the growth of the finer traits in the human soul. August Strindberg, himself the result of the class conflict between his parents, never felt at home with either of them. All his life he was galled by the irreconcilability of the classes; and though he was no sermonizer in the sense of offering a definite panacea for individual or social ills, yet with master touch he painted the degrading effects of class distinction and its tragic antagonisms. In "Countess Julie" he popularized one of the most vital problems of our age, and gave to the world a work powerful in its grasp of elemental emotions, laying bare the human soul behind the mask of social tradition and class culture. COMRADES Although "Comrades" was written in 1888, it is in a measure the most up-to-date play of Strindberg,--so thoroughly modern that one at all conversant with the _milieu_ that inspired "Comrades" could easily point out the type of character portrayed in the play. It is a four-act comedy of marriage--the kind of marriage that lacks social and legal security in the form of a ceremony, but retains all the petty conventions of the marriage institution. The results of such an anomaly are indeed ludicrous when viewed from a distance, but very tragic for those who play a part in it. _Axel Alberg_ and his wife _Bertha_ are Swedish artists residing in Paris. They are both painters. Of course they share the same living quarters, and although each has a separate room, the arrangement does not hinder them from trying to regulate each other's movements. Thus when _Bertha_ does not arrive on time to keep her engagement with her model, _Axel_ is provoked; and when he takes the liberty to chide her for her tardiness, his wife is indignant at the "invasiveness" of her husband, because women of the type of _Bertha_ are as sensitive to fair criticism as their ultra-conservative sisters. Nor is _Bertha_ different in her concept of love, which is expressed in the following dialogue: _Bertha._ Will you be very good, very, very good? _Axel._ I always want to be good to you, my friend.