Minas Geraes, location of, 310, description of, 311, 313; gold in, 379, 391, 392, 397; population of, 397; literature in, 399; attitude of, toward Pedro I., 433, 438; revolution in, 453 Missions, negotiations concerning, 72, 77, 186, 245, 246, 388, 390; attacked, 105; established in Paraguay, 180; conquered by Rio Grandenses, 248; loyal to Artigas, 255; invaded, 407 Mitre, Bartolome, resistance of Rioja to, 64; historian, 98; established civil government in Buenos Aires, 126; on Argentine constitution, 137; in Paraguayan war, 141, 142, 153, 160, 471; party leader, 154 Mohammedanism, 325 Monopolies, of Cadiz merchants, 48, 50, 51, 82; Portuguese, 374, 393; abolished, 397, 404 Montevideo, harbours, 31, 241; taken by the Spanish, 70; population of, 78; sieges of, 92, 250, 253, 254, 269; captured by the patriots, 103, 255; captured by the Portuguese, 105, 408; named, 232; fortified, 242; captured by the British, 250; blockaded, 276; founded, 386; Portuguese garrison expelled from, 420 Montoya, Father, 178 Moors, 3-5, 288, 290 Moraes, Prudente, President, 488, 506, 507, 508 Mules, trade in, 63 Municipal government, characteristic of Spain, 3, 53; adaptation of, 44; Spanish form of, 54; in Portugal, 290, 291; of Bahia, 325; granted to Brazilian towns, 374; character of, 424 N Nabuco, Joaquim, 481 Napoleon Bonaparte. _See_ Bonaparte, Napoleon. Natal, 344 Negroes, 102, 105, 311, 375, 405 New Granada, 100 Nobrega, Padre Manuel, 326, 328, 330 O Office-holding, 52, 409, 459 O'Higgins, Bernard, 109, 111 Ojeda, Alonso de, 301 Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, 344 Oribe, Manuel, retreat of, 256; president of Uruguay, 265; leader of party, 265, 267, 461; defeated Argentine unitarians, 268; surrendered, 271 Oruro, 16 Ouro Preto, Viscount of, 494, 495, 497 Ouro Preto (city), 399 P Pacific, Spanish control of, 21 Pampas, explored, 32; character of, 38; description, 40, 41; expedition over, 58 Pampean sea, prehistoric, 229 Panama, Isthmus of, 12, 21, 48, 49 Paper currency, in Argentine, 149, 150, 157, 160; in Paraguay, 223; in Uruguay, 282; in Brazil, 458, 463, 464, 466, 473, 479, 480, 501, 507, 509, 510 Para, Indians in, 346, 405; Portuguese possession of, 358; part of Maranhao, 371; Jesuits in, 374; development hindered, 393; takes a new start, 397; cotton trade in, 405; coffee in, 406; expedition from, to Cayenne, 407; Spanish constitution in, 412; Portuguese garrison expelled from, 420; and Constituent Assembly, 422; attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," 425; action of troops in, 436, 441; production of rubber in, 490; prosperity of, 501