Paraguay (country), 165-224; settlement of, 25, 27; Jesuit missions in, 34; Indians in, 42, 80; separate province, 61; intendencia, 75; population, 75, 220; products of, 78; attitude toward revolutionary movement, 91; war against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276, 471; independence of, 184, 189, 190, 222, 476; commercial isolation of, 192, 197; Brazilian protectorate of, 221; Paulistas in, 348 Paraguay River, the, explorations along, 22, 26; settlement on, 33; watershed of, 37; description of, 38; free navigation on, 200, 464, 471, 476 Paraguayan army, discipline in, 214 Parahyba do Norte, location, 309; population, 338; Spaniards take possession of, 343; reduced by the Dutch, 355; devastated, 363; adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," 425 Parahyba do Sul, 312, 347, 373 Parana, Marquis of, 463, 464, 465 Parana (Brazilian state), 313, 377, 405 Parana (city), 134 Parana River, the, explorations of, 14, 22, 26, 30, 31, 165; settlements on, 27, 33, 34, 62, 134, 168; description of, 38; Jesuit missions on, 60, 171; Paulistas on, 67; open only to Argentine vessels, 200; free navigation on, 202, 270, 464; European navies enter, 269; valley of, 312, 313, 377 Patagonia, 40, 41, 43, 146 Paulista pioneers, 318, 348 Pavon, battle of, 64, 137 Paysandu, capture of, 210 Pedro I. of Brazil, 412-416, 421-435, 439 Pedro II. of Brazil, infancy, 433, 444, 446; assumes imperial functions, 447; emperor, 449-457; power of, 478; declining health, 488, 494; speech of, 490; deposition, 498, 499 Peixoto, Floriano, 497, 500, 502-505 Pepper, 406 Pernambuco (city), founded, 319; nucleus of settlement of Brazil, 320; Nobrega visits, 328; architecture of, 340; population of, 347; advantageous position of, 351; taken by the Dutch, 353, 354; taken by the Brazilian Creoles, 367; military revolts in, 438 Pernambuco (province), location of, 309; population of, 338, 347; rich planters of, 339; Jews in, 358; civil war in, 380; sugar industry in, 393; revolution in, 409; Spanish constitution in, 412; Portuguese garrison in, 418; garrison expelled from, 419; and Constituent Assembly, 422, 424; action of troops in, 436; conservative governor of, 455 Peru, Pizarro in, 12, 13, 23; irrigation in, 14; silver in, 16, 22, 78, 233; gold in, 78; Spanish power in, 100; war against, 111 Philip II. of Spain, 342 Piauhy, 309, 372, 393, 422 Pilocomayo River, 222 Pinheiro Machado, General, 503 Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, 301 Pitagoares Indians, 344 Pizarro, 13, 23, 316 Polygamy, 220 Pombal, Marquis of, 396 Pope's division of the world, 12, 19, 21, 319 Porto Seguro, 320, 338, 347