Portugal, separated from Leon, 4; and Granada united, 6; joined to Spanish crown, 47; general survey of the history of, 288-292; Philip II., of Spain on the throne of, 342; separated from Spain, 361; war with Spain, 382; revolt of 1820 in, 411 Portuguese Court, flight of, to Rio, 403 Portuguese discoveries and conquests, 7, 8, 292; in South America, 19, 67, 68, 77, 302 Potatoes, 41 Potosi, 16, 51 Press, freedom of, in Brazil, 410, 430, 448, 460, 482; restricted, 422, 424 Printing-press in Brazil, 404, 408, 409 Provincial organisation, 54, 61, 74, 77, 405 Q Quicksilver mines, 16 Quintino Bocayuva, 495, 497 R Race elements in population, 405 Railways, mileage in Argentina, 148; source of wealth, 161; building of, in Brazil, 463, 466, 490; building of, interrupted, 508 Ramalho, John, pioneer, 316, 318 Religious lay brotherhoods, 484 Religious sentiment, in Spain, 5; in Argentina, 81; in Portugal, 290; of Count John Maurice, 356, 358; in Brazil, 359, 361; of Fernandez Vieira, 369 Riachuelo, battle of, 210, 474 Rice, 78, 306, 405 Rio Branco, Baron of, 482, 485 Rio de Janeiro (city), commercial port, 51; population of, 347, 397; prosperity of, 373, 501; attacked and taken by the French, 383; its reception of the Prince Regent, 404 Rio de Janeiro (province), why so named, 302; description of, 312; nucleus of the settlement of Brazil, 320; French occupation of, 333 _et seq._; captured by the Portuguese, 336; population of, 338; uprising in, 413 Rio Grande city, captured by the Spaniards, 388; by the Brazilian Creoles, 389 Rio Grande do Norte, location, 309; nucleus of, 344; reduced by the Dutch, 355; devastated, 363; Indians subdued in, 373; adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," 425 Rio Grande do Sul (city), 387 Rio Grande do Sul (province), Jesuit missions in, 72, 180; held by the Portuguese, 77, 244; people of, 247; Brazilian province, 270; and Uruguay, 284; description of, 313, 314; Brazilian possession of, 377; settled, 397; Spanish Constitution in, 412; Argentine invasion of, 429; rebellions in, 441, 442, 454, 502, 504; Paraguayan invasion of, 473, 474 Rioja, 15, 63, 64 Rio Negro, 392 Rio Real, 338 Rivadavia, Bernardino, 104, 119, 120, 262 Rivera, Fructuoso, 255, 259, 261-269, 461 Roca, Julio, General, successes of, 145; candidate for president, 147, 157; his first administration, 150; party leader, 153; took command of army, 155; his second administration, 158, 160; his followers, 160 Rodrigues, Alves, President, 511 Rojas, Diego de, 14 Rondeau, Jose, General, 254, 263 Rosario, 40, 63, 136, 155