Cauca (province), northern division of Quito presidency, 324, 326; State of, 460, 466, 468 Cauca River, the, 49, 312, 408, 409, 411, 412, 422, 432, 433 Caudillos, the, Bolivian, 256, 269, 270 Caupolican, Arauncanian chief, 144 Ceballos, Jose, 361, 368, 369 Central America, Colombia's claim to, 429 Cerro de Pasco Mountains, 4, 9, 11, 17, 18, 32, 36, 81, 262, 264, 289 Chacabuco, battle of, 78, 168, 170, 172, 256, 261, 317 Chanca Indians, the, 9 Chancos, battle of, 467 Charcas (Suere), Indian capital of Bolivia, 44, 59, 240; audiencia of, 71, 250, 251, 267; revolutionary junta in, 76; Spanish capital of Upper Peru, 242, 249, 301; jurisdiction of, 250, 251 Charles IV. of Spain, 311 Charles V., Emperor, authorises conquest of Peru, 25, 26, 41, 60; appoints governor for Venezuela, 349 Chaves, Francisco, 47 Chibcho Indians, the, 412-414; civilisation of, 412 Chile, Inca conquest of, 11, 12, 18, 135; Spanish conquest of, 36, 43, 44, 60, 136, 139-149; captain-general of, 67, 148, 154, 155, 158, 160, 161; war of independence in, 76, 78, 112, 156 _et seq._, 190, 261, 317; junta established in, 161; at war with Peru and Bolivia, 104, 105, 118, 119, 208, 211, 281; boundary treaty of, with Bolivia, 117, 118, 206; boundaries of, 117, 147, 150, 155; defeats allies, 121-125; captures Lima, 125, 126, 213; mineral products of, 117, 136, 138, 144, 148, 199, 208; nitrate industry of, 117, 118, 126, 206, 211; gains control of nitrate region, 212, 220-222; navy of, 118-121, 183-185, 204; characteristics of inhabitants of, 135, 136, 149, 150, 190; area of, 135; rainfall in, 135; population of, 135, 136, 152, 230; agricultural conditions in, 136, 148, 199; battles in, 141, 143-145, 164, 167, 176-178, 180-182, 187, 223-225, 272; Spanish cities of, 145, 151, 154, 155; at war with Araucanians, 147, 206; the colonial period in, 148-155; immigration into, 149, 156, 199, 203; growth of commerce in, 148, 152, 154, 158, 162, 199, 200, 203, 230; smuggling in, 152; taxation in, 152, 158; prosperity of, 154-156, 158, 203, 208, 216; universities in, 154, 198; the capital of, 154, 158; seismic disturbances in, 154; Cuyo separates from, 155; landed aristocracy of, 158, 159, 162, 189, 201; liberal reforms in, 162, 168, 200, 206-208, 214-217; slavery abolished in, 162; Spanish authority re-established in, 163, 166, 168, 316; independence of, proclaimed, 176; civil wars in, 189 _et seq._, 200-203, 215-226; constitutions of, 193, 196, 206; strong government established in, 196, 197, 271, 272; qualifications for suffrage in, 196, 206; becomes dominant power on Pacific coast, 198; political conditions in, 198-203, 207, 214, 215, 227-229; financial conditions of, 98, 200, 211-213; religious conditions in, 199, 201;